Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

, Abū Ṭāhir b. Bahā ʾal-Dawla , a Būyid, born in 383/993-4. When Sulṭān al-Dawla, after the death of his father Bahāʾ al-Dawla in 403/1012, was named amīr al-umarāʾ , he entrusted his brother D̲j̲alāl al-Dawla with the office of governor of Baṣra. The latter stayed there for several years without becoming involved in the private quarrels of the Būyids. In 415/1024-5 Sulṭān al-Dawla died and his brother Mus̲h̲arrif al-Dawla died in the following year. D̲j̲alāl al-Dawla was then proclaimed amīr al-umarāʾ, but, as he did not appear at Bag̲h̲dād to take possession of his new dig…

(Celâleddin Ārif), Turkish lawyer and statesman, was born in Erzurum on 19 October 1875, the son of Meḥmed ʿĀrif, a writer of some repute. He received his education at the military rüs̲h̲diyye in Çeşme and the Mekteb-i Sulṭānī at Galatasaray (Istanbul), where he graduated in 1895. He studied law in Paris and began to practise it in Egypt in 1901. He returned to Turkey after the 1908 revolution and joined the Ottoman Liberal ( Aḥrār ) Party, the first group of This period to oppose the centralizing tendencies of the Union and Progress movement in t…

, surnamed Mak̲h̲dūm-i Ḏj̲ahāniyān D̲j̲ahāngas̲h̲t , one of the early pīr s of India, was the son of Sayyid Aḥmad Kabīr whose father Sayyid D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn-i Surk̲h̲ had migrated from Buk̲h̲ārā to Multān and Bhakkar [ q.v.]. A descendant of Imām ʿAlī al-Naḳī, his father was a disciple of Rukn al-Dīn Abu ’l-Fatḥ, son and successor of Bahāʾ al-Dīn Zakariyyā [ q.v.]. Born 707/1308 at Uččh, where he also lies buried, he was educated in his home-town and in Multān but seems to have left for the Ḥid̲j̲āz at a very young age in search of more knowledge. He is re…

[see dihlī sultanate , k̲h̲ald̲j̲ids ].

, the eldest son of Sultan Muḥammad K̲h̲wārazm-S̲h̲āh [ q.v.] and the last ruler of the dynasty. The spelling and pronunciation of his personal name (mnkbrny) are still uncertain. Such forms as Mangoubirti, Mankobirti, etc., are based upon a derivation first proposed by d’Ohsson, from the Turkish mengü in the sense of “Eternal [God]” and birti (for birdi ) “[he] gave”; but This etymology is now discredited. Muḥammad had originally designated his youngest son, Ḳuṭb al-Dīn Uzlag̲h̲-S̲h̲āh, as his successor, but shortly before his de…

[see d̲j̲alāl al-dīn k̲h̲wārazm s̲h̲āh].

b. Bahāʾ al-Dīn Sulṭān al-ʿulamāʾ Walad b. Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad K̲h̲aṭībī , known by the sobriquet Mawlānā (Mevlânâ), Persian poet and founder of the Mawlawiyya order of dervishes, which was named after him, was born on Rabīʿ I 604/30 September 1207 in Balk̲h̲, and died on 5 D̲j̲umāda II 672/1273 in Ḳonya. The reasons put forward against the above-mentioned date of birth (Abdülbaki Gölpinarli, Mevlânâ Celâleddîn 3, 44; idem, Mevlânâ Şams-i Tabrîzî ile altmiṣ iki yaşinda buluştu , in Şarkiyat Mecmuasi , iii, 153-61; and Bir yazi üzerine , in Tarih Coǧrafya Dünyasi , ii/1…

[see tabrīzī , d̲j̲alāl al-dīn ].

[see com-1212:thanesarī , d̲j̲alāl al-dīn ].

( Celāl Ḥüseyin Çelebi ), Turkish poet. He was born in Monastir, the son of a sipāhī (?-978/1571?). As a young man he went to Istanbul to study, later wandered in Syria where he found protectors through whose help he entered the court of prince Selīm, who liked his easy manner and gaiety and who kept him at his court when he ascended the throne as Selīm II. Ḏj̲alāl remained a boon-companion of the Sultan until he became involved in political intrigues and religious controversies; he then had to leave court life and returned to his home-town where he died. His dīwān has not come down to us. Many…

, a term in Ottoman Turkish used to describe companies of brigands, led usually by idle or dissident Ottoman army officers, widely-spread throughout Anatolia from about 999/1590 but diminishing by 1030/1620. The term probably derives from an earlier (925/1519) political and religious rebellion in Amasya by a S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ D̲j̲alāl. Official Ottoman use appears in a petition ( ʿarḍ ) as early as 997/1588 (Divani Kalemi 997-8-C), where the term identifies unchecked rebels ( as̲h̲ḳiyāʾ ) engaging in brigandage. Analysis of the three-decade period of D̲j̲alālī re…

( Taʾrīk̲h̲-i D̲j̲alālī ), the name of an era and also that of a calendar used often in Persia and in Persian books and literature from the last part of the 5th/11th century onward. The era was founded by the 3rd Sald̲j̲ūḳid ruler Sulṭān Maliks̲h̲āh b. Alp Arslan (465-85/1072-92) after consultation with his astronomers. It was called D̲j̲alālī after the title of that monarch, D̲j̲alāl al-Dawla (not D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn as some later authors supposed). The era was also called sometimes Malikī . The epoch of the era ( i.e., its beginning) was Friday, 9 Ramaḍān 471/15 March 1079, when the …

[see i̇leri̇ , celâl nuri̇ ].

[see red̲j̲āʾīzāde ].

(ca. 896/ 1490-975/1567), known as ‘Ḳod̲j̲a Nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊’, Ottoman civil servant and historian, was the eldest son of the ḳāḍī D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn from Tosya (for whom see S̲h̲aḳāʾiḳ , tr. Rescher, 297 = tr. Med̲j̲dī, 466). His talents having attracted the attention of Pīrī Pas̲h̲a, in 922/1516 he turned from the scholarly career to become a clerk to the dīwān-i humāyūn . He was private secretary to Pīrī Pas̲h̲a during his Grand Vizierate (924/1518-929/1523) and to his successor Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a; his services in helping to regulate the…

, Ottoman scholar, historian and poet, and younger brother of the famous nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊, D̲j̲alālzāde Muṣṭafā Čelebi. Born in the last decade of the 9th century A.H. in Vučitrn (NW of Pris̲h̲tina) where his father, D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn, was ḳāḍī, upon completing his studies under Kamāl Pas̲h̲a-zāde and K̲h̲ayr al-Dīn Efendi, the tutor of Sulṭān Sulaymān, he entered the normal teaching career, reaching the Ṣaḥn in 943/1536-7 and the Bāyazīdiyya in Edirne in 949/1542-3. His judicial appointments include Aleppo (951/1544), Damascus (953/15…

( d̲j̲alāʾir , d̲j̲alāʾirid ). Originally the name of a Mongol tribe (see Ras̲h̲īd al-Dīn, Taʾrīk̲h̲-i G̲h̲āzānī , esp. bāb a), the term D̲j̲alāyir (and D̲j̲alāyirid) in Islamic history principally denotes one of the successor-dynasties that divided up the territories of the defunct Ilk̲h̲ānid empire. The spelling ‘D̲j̲alāyir’ is given by al-Ahrī, the contemporary, and very likely official, chronicler of the dynasty. D̲j̲alāyirid genealogies usually begin with Īlkā Nūyān (hence the dynasty’s …

[see d̲j̲awālī ].

, a family and quasi-dynasty in Mosul, where seventeen members held the position of wālī of that wilāya for various periods between 1139/1726 and 1250/1834. If legendary origins in eastern Anatolia can be ignored, the founder of the family, ʿAbd al-D̲j̲alīl, seems to have begun life as a Christian slave of the local and equally famous ʿUmarī family in the later 11th/17th Century. His son Ismaʿīl, a Muslim and well educated, attained the Pas̲h̲ali̊ḳ of Mosul by exceptional merits after a lon…

, Arabic for Galen, born in Pergamon, in Asia Minor A.D. 129, died in Rome about 199; the last great medical writer in Greek antiquity, outstanding as an anatomist and physiologist as well as as a practising physician, surgeon and pharmacologist. He also became known as an influential though minor philosopher. More than 120 books ascribed to him are included in the last complete edition of his Greek works by C. E. Kühn (Leipzig 1821-33); they represent by no means his whole output: some works have survived in Arabic, Hebrew or Latin translation only, others are unretrievably lost. Although D…

(from Arabic d̲j̲alā [ ʿan ], to emigrate), used here for the Arabic-speaking communities with special reference to North and South America. About eighty per cent of these emigrants are estimated to have come from what is today the Lebanese Republic; fifteen per cent from Syria and Palestine and the rest from al-ʿIrāḳ and al-Yaman. Egypt’s quota is negligible. Overpopulation in mountainous Lebanon, whose soil was less fertile than its women, combined with political unrest, economic pressure and a seafaring tradition, found relief in migration to other l…

, or, according to the dialect, d̲j̲allāba or d̲j̲allābiyya , an outer garment used in certain parts of the Mag̲h̲rib, which is very wide and loose with a hood and two armlets. The d̲j̲allāb is made of a quadrangular piece of cloth, which is much longer than it is broad. By sewing together the two short ends a wide cylinder is formed. Its upper opening is also sewn up except for a piece in the centre where a hole is required for the head and neck. Holes are cut on each side for the arms. When the garment i…

, a town in the Indian state of Rajasthan, some 75 miles south of D̲j̲odhpur on the left bank of the Sukrī river. Although the troops of ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn K̲h̲ald̲j̲ī had passed through D̲j̲ālor on their return from the conquest of Gud̲j̲arāt in 696/1297, it was not then occupied by them. In Ḏj̲umādā I 705/December ¶ 1305, however, that king sent ʿAyn al-Mulk, governor of Multān, on an expedition to D̲j̲ālor, Ud̲j̲d̲j̲ayn and Čandērī; he was opposed by an army of 150,000 Hindūs on his entry into Mālwā, and his victory over them, which brought Ud̲j̲d̲j̲ayn, D̲h̲ār, Mānd́ū, and Čandērī [ qq.v.] into M…

, a town in ʿIrāḳ (Babylonia) and, in the mediaeval division of this province, the capital of a district ( ṭassūd̲j̲ ) of the S̲h̲ād̲h̲-Ḳubād̲h̲ circle to the east of the Tigris, was a station on the important K̲h̲urāsān road, the main route between Babylonia and Īrān, and was at about an equal distance (7 parasangs = 28 miles) from Dastad̲j̲ird [ q.v.] in the south-west and from K̲h̲āniḳīn in the northeast. It was watered by a canal from the Diyālā (called Nahr D̲j̲alūlāʾ), which rejoined the main stream a little further down near Bād̲j̲isrā [ q.v.]. Near this town, which seems from the s…

, The Goliath of the Bible appears as D̲j̲ālūt in the Ḳurʾān (II, 248/247-252/251) (the line of al-Samawʾal where the name occurs is inauthentic), in assonance with Ṭālūt [ q.v.] and perhaps also under the influence of the Hebrew word gālūt , “exile, Diaspora”, which must have been frequently on the lips of the Jews in Arabia as elsewhere. The passage of the Ḳurʾān where he is referred to by name (his introduction in the exegesis of V, 25 seems to be sporadic and secondary) combines the biblical account of the war…

[see fīrūzkūh ].

, a village in Afg̲h̲ānistān (orchards, particularly of apricots) in the region of G̲h̲ūr [ q.v.] on the Tagao Gunbaz, tributary on the left bank of the Harī Rūd, above Čis̲h̲t; an hour’s march away, by the confluence of the tributary and the main stream, stands a cylindrical minaret of harmonious proportions, with an octagonal base which carries three superposed stages of truncated conical form, with an interior staircase (over 180 steps); the height of This minaret (about 60 m.) puts it between the Ḳuṭb mīnār of Dihlī [ q.v.] and the minaret of Buk̲h̲ārā [ q.v.]. One of the inscriptions …

, meeting, assembly. In the religious language of Islam it denotes “the whole company of believers”, d̲j̲amāʿat al-muʾminīn , and hence its most usual meaning of “Muslim community”, d̲j̲amāʿa islāmiyya . In this sense d̲j̲amāʿa is almost synonymous with umma [ q.v.]. The two terms must, however, be distinguished. The term umma is Ḳurʾānic. It means “people”, “nation”, and is used in the plural ( umam ). It acquires its religious significance particularly in the Medina period when it becomes, in the singular, “the nation of the Prophet”, “the Community, e.g., Ḳurʾān III, 110, etc.). T…

A term current in the Muslim World in the later Middle-Ages equivalent to salary. Its origin is the Persian d̲j̲āma = “garment”, whence d̲j̲āmakī , with the meaning of a man who receives a special uniform as a sign of investiture with an official post. From this came the form d̲j̲āmakiyya with the meaning of that part of the regular salary given in dress ( malbūs , libās ) or cloth ( ḳumās̲h̲ ). Ultimately it took the meaning of “salary”, exactly as the word d̲j̲irāya , which meant originally a number of loaves of bread sent daily by the Sultan to someone, t…

[see ibil ].

[see ʿilm al-d̲j̲amāl ].

, “the camel” is the name of the famous battle which took place in the month of D̲j̲umādā II 36/November-December 656 near al-Baṣra between the Caliph ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib on the one hand, and the Prophet’s widow ʿĀʾis̲h̲a [ q.v.] with the Companions of the Prophet Ṭalḥa b. ʿUbayd Allāh al-Taymī and al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām [ qq.v.] on the other. At that time it was these two companions who, after ʿAlī, had most authority among the Muslims. ʿĀʾis̲h̲a was completing the ʿumra in Mecca when she learned of the assassination of the Caliph ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿAffān, and…

, al-Sayyid Muḥammad b. Ṣafdar , was one of the most outstanding figures of nineteenth century Islam. Cultured and versed in mediaeval Muslim philosophy, he devoted his life and talents to the service of the Muslim revival. He was, in the words of E. G. Browne, at the same time a philosopher, writer, orator and journalist. Towards colonial powers he was the first to take the political attitude since adopted by many movements of national liberation. He is known above all as the f…

, a Turkish philosopher and theologian, who was born and died (791/1389?) at Aḳsaray. According to tradition Ḏj̲amāl al-Dīn Meḥmed, who during his lifetime was known by the name of D̲j̲amālī, is said to have been the great-grandson of Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn Rāzī. He was appointed instructor at the madrasa of Zind̲j̲irli, at Aḳsaray, after learning by heart the Ṣaḥāḥ , al-D̲j̲awharī’s Arabic lexicographical work, an indispensable requirement of anyone seeking to obtain this appointment. Like the ancient Greek philosophers he split up his ve…

[see hanswī , d̲j̲amāl al-dīn ].

, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Razzāḳ , Persian poet of the later Sald̲j̲ūḳ period, and father of a better-known poet Kamāl al-Dīn Ismāʿīl [ q.v.]. A goldsmith and miniature painter in his early years, he left his workshop, as his son tells us, to study, acquiring extensive theological knowledge, traces of which are to be found as characteristics in his ʿIrāḳī-styled poetry. Continuous eye troubles, a speech impediment, a large family of at least four sons, and a short tour through Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān and Māzandarān, very likely …

, 1848-1919, Ottoman S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Islām, was born in Istanbul (9 Ḏj̲umādā I 1264/13 April 1848), the son of the ḳāḍīʿasker Meḥmed K̲h̲ālid Ef. Educated by his father and by private tutors, he attained the rank of mudarris and entered the secretariat of the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Islām’s department. In 1295/1880 he was appointed Secretary ( mektūbd̲j̲u ), with the rank of mūṣile-i Süleymāniyye , then became ḳāḍīʿasker of Rūmeli, and in Muḥarram 1309/August 1891 S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Islām. He held office until 1327/1909, retaining his post in the cabinets formed immediately …

, a complimentary title of the Persian divine and historian Amīr d̲j̲amāl [al-dīn] ʿaṭāʾ allāh b. faḍl allāh al-ḥusaynī al-das̲h̲takī al-s̲h̲īrāzī , who flourished at Harāt during the reign of Sulṭān Ḥusayn the Tīmūrid (875-911/1470-1505); the probable date of his death is 926/1520. His known works are: (1) Rawḍat al-aḥbāb fī siyar al-Nabī wa ’l-āl wa ’l-aṣḥāb , a history of Muḥammad, his family and companions, written at the request of Mīr ʿAlī S̲h̲īr and completed in 900/1494-5 (Lucknow ed. 1297/1880-2, Turkish tr. Constantinople 1268/1852); (2) Tuḥfat al-aḥibbāʾ fī manāḳib Āl …

, Ḥāmid b. Faḍl Allāh of Dihlī (d. 942/1536), poet and Ṣūfī hagiographer. He travelled extensively throughout the Dār al-Islām from Central Asia to the Mag̲h̲rib, and from Anatolia to Yemen, meeting a number of prominent Ṣūfīs including D̲j̲āmī [ q.v.], with whom he had interesting discussions in Harāt. His travels constitute a link ¶ between the Indian Ṣūfī disciplines and those of the rest of the Muslim world; while it is possible that the style of the Persian poetry of the court of Harāt travelled to India in his wake, creating the sabk-i Hindī of the 10th/16th c…

, Mawlānā ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-D̲j̲amālī , Ottoman S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Islām from 908/1502 to 932/1526, also called simply ʿAlī Čelebi or Zenbilli ʿAlī Efendi, was of a family of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ s and scholars of Ḳaramān who had settled in Amasya. D̲j̲amālī was born in this city (Ḥ. Ḥusām al-Dīn, Amasya taʾrīk̲h̲i , i, Istanbul 1327, 105, 321). After his studies under such famous scholars as Mollā K̲h̲usraw in Istanbul and Ḥusām-zāde Muṣliḥ al-Dīn in Bursa D̲j̲amālī was appointed a mudarris at the ʿAlī Beg Madrasa in Edirne. His cousin, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Muḥammad D̲j̲amālī…

, sobriquet of Abu ’l-Faḍl D̲j̲amāl al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿUmar b. K̲h̲ālid , scholar and administrator in Turkestān during the Mongol era. He was born at Almali̊g̲h̲ around 628/1230-1, his father a ḥāfiẓ of Balāsāg̲h̲ūn and his mother originating from Merw. He enjoyed the patronage of the local Turkish dynasty founded at Almali̊g̲h̲ [ q.v.] by Būzār (or Uzār), and obtained a position in the chancellery there. In 662/1264, however, he was obliged to leave Almali̊g̲h̲, and for the remainder of his life resided at Kās̲h̲g̲h̲ar, though travelling widely in western Turkestān. In 681/1282 he c…

[see d̲j̲emāl pas̲h̲a ].

[see palembang ].

[see awliyā ata ].

, a popular Ḳazak̲h̲ poet, illiterate and thus representing oral poetic tradition. Born in 1846 in Semireče of a nomadic family, he took the name Djambul (Džambul) from a mountain; later, in 1938, this name was to be given in his honour to the town of Awliyā Ata [ q.v.] and to an oblast ′ of Ḳazak̲h̲istān. From an early age he was devoted to music and singing, and by them earned his living while still a youth; taking his inspiration from popular grievances, he often improvised poems which he sang, accompanying himself on the dombra ; the best known are entitled “The P…

The word d̲j̲amdār is a contraction of Pers. d̲j̲āma-dār , “clothes-keeper”, cf. Dozy, Suppl . This word is not, as stated by Sobernheim in EI 1, a “title of one of the higher ranks in the army in Hindustān …”, although d̲j̲amʿdār , popularly d̲j̲amādār , Anglo-Indian Jemadar, “leader of a number ( d̲j̲amʿ ) of men”, is applied in the Indian Army to the lowest commissioned rank, platoon commander, but may be applied also to junior officials in the police, customs, etc., or to the foreman of a group of guides, sweepers, etc. (Ed.) In Mamlūk Egypt the d̲j̲amdāriyya (sing. d̲j̲amdār), “keepers of …

—The aim of the present article is to clarify general ideas, and to show what system underlies the expression of grammatical number, as regards the Arabic plural and collective. The Arabic language distinguishes. between: 1) the singular, 2) dual, 3) plural, 4) collective. Arab grammarians have paid close attention to the first three: 1) the singular: al-wāḥid ; mufrad is applied to the “simple” noun (as opposed to murakkab , applied to the “compound” noun) by the Muf . § 4; but it has also been used for “singular”, likewise fard [ q.v.].—2) the dual: al-mut̲h̲annā , …

[see masd̲j̲id ].

, Mawlanā Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān , the great Persian poet. He was born in K̲h̲ard̲j̲ird, in the district of Ḏj̲ām which is a dependency of Harāt, on 23 S̲h̲aʿbān 817/7 November 1414 and died at Harāt on 18 Muḥarram 898/9 November 1492. His family came from Das̲h̲t, a small town in the neighbourhood of Iṣfahān; his father, Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad b. S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Muḥammad, had left that district and settled near Harāt; consequently the poet had for some time signed his works with the tak̲h̲alluṣ Das̲h̲tī before adopting the tak̲h̲alluṣ D̲j̲āmī. In the regular cour…

From the root d̲j̲amaʿa (to bring together, to unite), this Arabic term is used to denote ah ideal, a bond or an institution which unites individuals or groups, e.g., al-Ḏj̲āmiʿa al-Islāmiyya (Pan-Islamism); D̲j̲āmiʿat al-Duwal al-ʿArabiyya (League of Arab States); D̲j̲āmiʿa (University). ¶ This article is limited to the last-mentioned meaning and deals with university institutions in the Islamic countries. Although Ḏj̲āmiʿa , in this sense, includes, in popular and semi-official usage, traditional institutions of higher religious education (such as al-D̲j̲āmiʿa al-Azhariy…

, the Arab League. Established at the end of the Second World War, this reflects the desire to renew the original unity, a desire which has continued to be active in Muslim communities following the decline and subsequent collapse of the Arab-Islamic empire. It was during the final years of the 19th century and before the First World War that Arab nationalists became aware of their national homogeneity, based on a common language and destiny, and on a similar way of life and culture ( ḳawmiyya [ q.v.]). Egypt, reverting to the cause of Arabism between the two …

[see naḥw and ṭabīʿa ]. ¶

b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Maʿmar al-ʿUd̲h̲rī , an Arab poet of the 1st/7th century, in literary tradition the most famous representative, and almost symbol of, the “ʿUd̲h̲rī(te)” school of poetry, with its chaste and idealized form of love. He is a quite authentic historical figure, although very few details of his life have come to light. He was born about 40/660, and spent his life in the Ḥid̲j̲āz and in Nad̲j̲d. It is also thought that, on the instigation of the parents of his beloved,…

(b.) Nak̲h̲la al-Mudawwar , Arab journalist and writer, born in Beirut in 1862, died in Cairo on 26 January 1907. D̲j̲amīl came from a wealthy, intellectually active, Christian family, and grew up in conditions which were very favourable to his development as a writer. His father (1822-89), who had attended lectures on Arabic grammar, French, and Italian in Beirut, was an interpreter at the French Consulate, and a member of the Beirut town council; he also took part in editing the Beirut newspaper Ḥadīḳat al-Ak̲h̲bār , as well as being a member of the Société Asiatique , Paris, and of al-D̲j̲a…

, a famous singer of Medina at the time of the first Umayyads. Tradition has it that she taught herself the elements of music and singing by listening to her neighbour Sāʾib K̲h̲āt̲h̲ir [ q.v.] (d. 63/682-3). It became unanimously recognized that her great natural talent put her in a class of her own, and she founded a school where, among numerous lesser-known singers and ḳiyān , Maʿbad [ q.v.], Ibn ʿĀʾis̲h̲a [ q.v.], Ḥabāba and Sallāma received their training. Artists as great as Ibn Surayd̲j̲ [ q.v.] would come to hear her, and would accept her critical judgments, while her salo…

[see ṭanburī d̲j̲amīl].

This term, commonly used in modern Arabic to mean a “society” or “association”, is derived from the root D̲J̲ - M - ʿ, meaning “to collect, join together, etc.”. In its modern sense it appears to have come into use quite recently, and was perhaps first used to refer to the organized monastic communities or congregations which appeared in the eastern Uniate Churches in Syria and Lebanon at the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth centuries ( e.g., D̲j̲amʿiyyat al-Muk̲h̲alliṣ , the Salvatorians, a Greek Catholic order founded c. 1708). In …

(a.) camel-driver or cameleer, also an owner of and hirer of camels (hence synonymous here with mukārī ) and a dealer in camels; Persian equivalent, us̲h̲turbān . During the pre-Islamic and post-Islamic periods camel caravans travelled enormous distances between the main centres of population and trade. Our sources indicate that relatively high wages were earned by the d̲j̲ammālūn during the ʿAbbāsid period. The d̲j̲ammāl , it also seems, came under the jurisdiction of ḥisba [ q.v.] officials in Islamic towns. The conduct of the camel-men came under some criticism from…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAmr b. Ḥammād b. ʿAṭāʾ b. Yāsir , a satirical poet and humorist who lived in Baṣra in the 2nd-3rd/8th-9th centuries. Nephew of Salm al-K̲h̲āsir [ q.v.], pupil of Abū ʿUbayda, and friend of Abū Nuwās, of whom he has left an exceptionally accurate portrait (see al-Ḥuṣrī, Zahr al-ādāb , 163; idem, D̲j̲amʿ al-d̲j̲awāhir , 115). Unlike many of his contemporaries, he does not seem to have gained entrance to the court of Bag̲h̲dād, despite his attempt during the reign of the caliph al-Ras̲h̲īd. He therefore re…

, a region of northern India, lying between lat. 32° and 33° N. and long. 74° and 76° E. and extending east of the Čenāb. It is bounded on the south by the Sialkōt district of the Pand̲j̲āb and on the north by Kas̲h̲mīr, of which it now constitutes a province, covering an area of 12,375 sq. miles. Its capital, the town of the same name, is situated on the right bank of the Tavī. The original name of This ancient principality, which lay in the valleys of the Tavī and the Čenāb, was Durgara, from which is derived the ethnic term Dogrā for its mountaineer inhabitants. Eve…

, the usual modern Muslim spelling of the Indian river which rises in Tehrī in the Himālaya and falls into the Ganges at Allāhābād. Generally called Jamnā (older Jumna) on western maps, its Sanskrit name Yamunā has been largely re-adopted in modern India; it was known to Ptolemy as Διαμούνα, to Arrian as ’Ιωβαρής, and to Pliny as Iomanes the spellings Gemini (Roe) and Gemna (Bernier) occur among early European travellers. Early Muslim historians of India refer to it as . Its depth and width have made it a natural frontier in the division of territory in north India, between …

, lit. “pebble”, (pl. d̲j̲mār ). The name is given to three halts in the Vale of Minā, where pilgrims returning from ʿArafāt during their annual pilgrimage ( ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ ) stop to partake in the ritual throwing of stones. The Lisān al-ʿArab explains that the place acquired its name either through the act of throwing, or through the stones themselves, which accumulate as more pilgrims perform the rite. Travelling from ʿArafāt, one comes first to al-d̲j̲amra al-ūlā (or al-dunyā ), then, 150 metres further on, to al-d̲j̲amra al-wusṭā . They are in the middle of th…

(Avestan Yima K̲h̲s̲h̲aēta “Yima the brilliant”), in abbreviated form Ḏj̲am , an Iranian hero who has “remained alive in popular and literary tradition, from Indo-Iranian times until our own day (see the texts collected, translated and commented upon by A. Christensen, Le premier homme et le premier roi dans l’histoire légendaire des Iraniens , ii). To the Indian hero Yama, son of Vivasvant, sometimes immortal man become god, sometimes the first human to have suffered death and to have become its god ( Rig-Veda Mahābhārata , Atharva-Veda cf. the texts in Christensen, op. cit.) there cor…

(Ar., fem. d̲j̲āmūsa , pl. d̲j̲awāmīs ) designates the Indian buffalo or water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ), with, in other regions, the species arni , fulvus and kerabau; it is the βοῦς ἄγριος or βοὐβαλος mentioned by Aristotle as found in the wild state in Arachosia, the present-day Balūčistān (see Hist. Anim ., ii, 1 (4) and French translation by J. Tricot, Paris 1957, i, 115-6). The African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ), which is unsuitable for domestication and which the Sudanese call d̲j̲āmūs al-k̲h̲alāʾ “Buffalo of the wilderness”, is quite unknown to the Arab writers. The term d̲j̲āmūs …

(sing. D̲j̲unaybī), one of the leading tribes of Oman. Apparently at one time the strongest of all the Bedouin tribes there, the D̲j̲anaba still number enough nomadic members to rank as peers of the Durūʿ [ q.v.] and Āl Wahība [ q.v.] in the desert. The main divisions of the D̲j̲anaba are the Mad̲j̲āʿila (sing. Mad̲j̲ʿalī, pronounced Mēʿalī), the Fawāris, Āl Dubayyān, and Āl Abū G̲h̲ālib, of which the first is recognized as paramount. The present chief ( ras̲h̲īd ) of the tribe is D̲j̲āsir b. Ḥamūd, whose predecessors were the descendants of al-Murr b. Manṣūr. Covering a wide territory, th…

, the state of so-called major ritual impurity. It is caused by marital intercourse, to which the religious law assimilates any effusio seminis. One who is in This state is called d̲j̲unub , and can only become ritually clean again by the so-called major ritual ablution ( g̲h̲usl [ q.v.]) or by the tayammum [ q.v.]. On the other hand, the law prescribes for a Muslim in the state of so-called minor impurity the minor ritual ablution ( wuḍūʾ [ q.v.]). The distinction is based on the wording of Ḳurʾān, V, 6. The d̲j̲unub cannot perform a valid ṣalāt he may not make a ṭawāf round…

( Cenap Şehabettin ) (1870-1934). Turkish poet and writer, one of the three representatives of the T̲h̲erwet-i Fünūn school of literature (the others being Tewfīḳ Fikret and K̲h̲ālid Ḍiyā (Ziya)). He was born in Monastir. Upon the death of his father, an army officer, killed at the battle of Plewna (1876), he settled in Istanbul with his mother and attended, as a boarder, various military high schools, graduating from the military School of Medicine in 1889 as an army doctor. He spent four years in Paris completing his medic…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Bahāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Yaʿḳūb b. Yūsuf , S̲h̲āfiʿite jurist and historian of Yemen. His family was of the town of Ẓafār in Yemen although he resided most of his life in Zabīd where he apparently died in 732/1332. His only known extant work, Kitāb al-sulūk fī ṭabaḳāt al-ʿulamāʾ wa ’l-mulūk , is an important biographical dictionary of the learned men, primarily jurisconsults, of Yemen arranged by the towns in which they were born or lived. The dictionary proper is preceded by a long introduction comprising a po…

(or al-Ṭayyāriyya), the special partisans of ʿAbd Allāh b. Muʿāwiya [ q.v.], greatgrandson of D̲j̲aʿfar al-Ṭayyār D̲h̲ū ’l-D̲j̲anāhayn. Though D̲j̲aʿfar and his son and grandson were highly respected by S̲h̲īʿīs, no political or religious party seems to have been attached to the family until ʿAbd Allāh took the leadership of the general S̲h̲īʿī revolt against the Umayyads in 127/744. The wider party of ʿAbd Allāh included for a time most politically active S̲h̲īʿīs (including some ʿAbbāsids), not to mention certain displaced K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ites; but the term Ḏj̲anāhiyya …

(also al-D̲j̲enāwunī ), Abū ʿUbayda ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd , governor of the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa for the Ibādite imāms of Tāhart. He was a native of the village of Īd̲j̲nāwun (also D̲j̲enāwen, in Berber Ignaun) situated below the town of D̲j̲ādū in the present district of Fassāṭo. He already enjoyed great prestige there about 196/811 during the stay of the imām ʿAbd al-Wahhāb b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Rustam in the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa. On the death of Abu ’l-Ḥasan Ayyūb he was elected governor of the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa by the people of the country and aft…

(or D̲j̲ināza , Ar.) a corpse, bier, or corpse and bier, and then, funeral. It was sunna [ q.v.] to whisper the S̲h̲ahāda [ q.v.] in the ear of a dying man whose face was turned towards Mecca. The dead body was washed by those of the same sex though ¶ there were exceptions; Abū Bakr [ q.v.] gave orders that he should be washed by his widow. It was a mark of piety for one at the point of death to wash himself in readiness. The body was not stripped entirely and was washed several times, always an uneven number, and for the last sidr leaves or camphor was steeped in the water. I…

The Persian d̲j̲ānbāz ‘playing with one’s life; dare-devil’ developed three meanings which, mainly through Ottoman Turkish, spread into a number of languages: 1. ‘acrobat’, especially ‘rope-dancer’, which is known in the east as far as Eastern Turki ( čämbas̲h̲či ), in the west in the Caucasus, Turkey, and Egypt ( ganbād̲h̲iya ‘ropedancers’, gunbāz ‘gymnastics’), 2. ‘soldier’ (see article d̲j̲ānbāzān ), 3. ‘horse-dealer’; This latter word spread through Turkey (recorded in the 16th century: Gliša Elezović, Iz Carigradskih Turskih Arhiva Mühimme Defteri …

(Persian plural of d̲j̲ānbāz, see previous article)—the name of a military corps in the Ottoman Empire. It is not known when exactly the corps was founded, although it may have been in the reign of Ork̲h̲ān G̲h̲āzī [ q.v.]. The d̲j̲ānbāzān served only in time of war, like the ʿazab [ q.v.], g̲h̲arībān and čerek̲h̲ōr (“territorial” miners and sappers). Grzegorzewski ( Z sidzyllatów Rumelijskich epoki wyprawy wiedeńskiej , Lwôw 1912, 53 ff.) believes, however, that they were organized in 844/1440 by Murād II [ q.v.] to meet the first Balkan expedition of John Hunyady and that the…

, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Nabī (other forms are D̲j̲inbayhī and D̲j̲unbayhī), Egyptian author of a variety of tracts of which the majority have as a central theme the denunciation of what is seen as the various manifestations of decay of Islamic civilisation in Egypt. He was born in 1842 in the village of D̲j̲inbāwāy (D̲j̲inbawāy, D̲j̲imbaway) in the markaz of Itāy al-Bārūd in al-Buḥayra province. After a period of study at al-Azhar, he held the office of k̲h̲aṭīb in al-Muṭahhar mosque in Cairo. He resigned from This office at an early age and returned to his village (cf. Iʾtilaf al-maʿānī wa ’l…

, a family of amīrs , Durūz in religion and Kurdish in origin (“soul of steel” in This language), established in the Lebanon, where they formed the D̲j̲ānbulāṭī party, active until the present day (common modern spellings: D̲j̲oumblatt, Jomblatt, etc.). The D̲j̲ānbulāṭ, related to the Ayyūbids according to Lebanese tradition, appeared in the region of Killis during the latter half of the 10th/16th century (the Mamlūk D̲j̲ānbulāṭ al-Nāṣirī, governor first of Aleppo and then of Da…

, a mediaeval town on the lower reaches of the Si̊r Daryā in Central Asia, towards its debouchure into the Aral Sea, in what is now the Kazakhstan SSR; its fame was such that the Aral Sea was often called “the Sea of D̲j̲and”. D̲j̲and is first mentioned by certain Muslim geographers of the mid-4th/10th century, in particular, by Ibn Ḥawḳal, and following him, by the anonymous author of the Ḥudūd al-ʿālam (wrote 372/982). Ibn Ḥawḳal mentions three settlements on the lower Si̊r Daryā amongst the Og̲h̲uz Turks of that region: D̲j̲and; the “New Se…

or D̲j̲andār, the name given to certain guards regiments serving the great Sald̲j̲ūḳs and subsequent dynasties. Attached to the royal household, they provided the sovereign’s bodyguard, and carried out his orders of execution. Their commander, ¶ the amīr d̲j̲āndār , was a high-ranking officer; some of them are reported as becoming atābaks [ q.v.]. Under the Sald̲j̲ūḳs of Rūm, they formed an élite cavalry guard, and wore their swords on a gold-embroidered baldric. At the accession of ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Kayḳobād I in 616/1219 he is said to have had a bodyguard of 120 d̲j̲āndārs (Ibn Bībī, El-Evāmi…

, name of an Ottoman family of ʿulemāʾ -statesmen, prominent from ca. 750-905/1350-1500, five of whom held the office of Grand Vizier. The name, variously spelt in the early sources, in later works usually Čandarli̊, appears in the oldest inscriptions as D̲j̲andarī, which has been explained as a nisba from Pers. d̲j̲āndār , ‘bodyguard’ (so Fr. Taeschner and P. Wittek, in Isl . xviii, 83) or from a locality D̲j̲ender or Čender near Sivrihisar (so I. H. Uzunçarşılı, in Belleten , xxiii, 457 f.). (1) K̲h̲ayr al-Dīn K̲h̲alīl b. ʿAlī (popularly ‘Kara K̲h̲alīl’) is said to have been ḳāḍī …

, the Marāt́hā corruption of the Arabic word d̲j̲azīra “island”, is the name of a former native state in the heart of the Konkan on the west coast of India. It actually owes its name to the fortified island of D̲j̲and̲j̲īra (lat. 17° 45′ N. and long. 73° 05′ E.), lying at the entrance of the Rajapuri creek, half a mile from the mainland on the west and 48 km. south of Bombay. The impregnable fort, which has an excellent command over the Arabian Sea, rose to prominence under the Niẓām S̲h̲āhī [ q.v.] rulers of Aḥmadnagar towards the end of the 9th/15th century when a Ḥabs̲h̲ī or Abyssini…

[see ḥabs̲h̲ī ].

[see supplement].

, the name of a nationalist and reformist movement in Persia which came into being in 1915 in the forests ( d̲j̲angal ) of Gīlān under the leadership of Mīrzā Kūčik K̲h̲ān, Iḥsān Allāh K̲h̲ān and a number of other liberals ( āzādik̲h̲wāhān ) and constitutionalists ( mud̲j̲āhidīn ). The D̲j̲angalīs (in Persian: d̲j̲angaliyān or aḥrār-i d̲j̲angal ), whose slogans were freedom from foreign influence and the independence of Irān under the banner of Islam, set up a revolutionary committee called Ittiḥād-i Islām , published a newspaper entitled D̲j̲angal . and engage…

[see maẓhar ].

name of the dynasty which ruled Buk̲h̲ārā [ q.v.] from 1007/1599 to 1199/1785. It was descended from D̲j̲ān(ī) b. Yār Muḥammad, a prince of the house of the K̲h̲āns of Astrak̲h̲ań (Tatar Az̲h̲darhān and As̲h̲tark̲h̲ān ) who had fled from his homeland before the advancing Russians to Buk̲h̲ārā around 963/1556. It was from This homeland of his that the dynasty was also called As̲h̲tark̲h̲ānids (for genealogy cf. čingizids ). D̲j̲ān married Zahrā K̲h̲ani̊m, a sister of the S̲h̲aybānid ruler ʿAbd Allāh II b. Iskandar [ q.v.]. On the latter’s death in 1006/1598 the empire that he had…

( Cani̇k ), an area along the Black Sea between Bafra and Fatsa, including the mouths of the rivers Ki̊zi̊l and Yes̲h̲il I̊rmak, as well as the mountainous regions to the east. It is called after the Tsan (Georg. čan , compare Macdonald Kinneir, Journey , 282)—a tribe of the Laz—and it has a mild climate and fertile soil; consequently, it is relatively densely populated (between 50 and 100 people per sq. km.). Until recent times, the name was applied to the sand̲j̲aḳ of Samsun [ q.v.], and is applied even today to the beautiful mountain forests of D̲j̲anik Daǧlari̊ along the Blac…

, Ottoman soldier and founder of a Derebey [ q.v.] family. He was born in Istanbul in 1133/1720-21, the son of Aḥmed Ag̲h̲a, a ḳapi̊d̲j̲i̊-bas̲h̲i̊ at the Imperial palace. As a youth he accompanied his elder brother Suleymān Pas̲h̲a to D̲j̲ānīk, where he eventually succeeded him as ruler with the title, customary among the autonomous derebeys, of muḥaṣṣil [ q.v.]. During the Russo-Turkish war of 1182/1768-1188/1774. he held a number of military commands. Serving first in Georgia, he was appointed in D̲j̲umādā II 1183/September-October 1769 to the staff …

, “Garden”, is the term which, used antonomastically, usually describes, in the Ḳurʾān and in Muslim literature, the regions of the Beyond prepared for the elect, the “Companions of the right”. E.g.: “These will be the Dwellers in the Garden where they will remain immortal as a reward for their deeds on earth” (Ḳurʾān, XLVI, 14). Other Ḳurʾānic terms will be considered later either as synonyms or as particular aspects of the “Garden”: ʿAdn and D̲j̲annāt ʿAdn . (Eden, e.g., LXI, 12), Firdaws (“Paradise”, sg. farādis , cf. παράδεισος XXIII, 11), the Dwelling of Salvation or of Peace ( dār al-Sa…

, (D̲j̲annābā, D̲j̲unnāba), arabicized forms of Ganāfa, a town and port in the VIIth ustān (Fārs) of Persia. The name is a corruption of Gand-āb , ‘stinking water’, so called because of the bad quality of its water (see Ibn al-Balk̲h̲ī, Fārs-nāma , 149 and Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī, Nuzha , 130). Ganāfa is situated on the coast of the Persian Gulf in Lat. 29 35′ N. and Long. 50 31′ E. In former times it was an important manufacturing centre where cloths of good quality were produced. Pearl-fishing was also carried on from there. It was the birthplace of Abū Sulaymān al-D̲j̲annābī [ q.v.], the well-know…

, Abū Saʿīd Ḥasan b. Bahrām , was the founder of Ḳarmaṭian power in East Arabia. Born at D̲j̲annāba on the Fārs coast, he is said to have become a flour merchant at Baṣra. He was crippled on the left side. His first mission as a Ḳarmaṭian is said to have been as a dāʿī in southern Īrān, where he had to go into hiding from the authorities. He was then sent to (mainland) Baḥrayn, where he married into a prominent family and won followers rapidly, perhaps among a group formerly attached to the line of Ibn-al-Ḥanafiyya. We find that in 286/899 he had subjected a large part of Baḥrayn and taken…

, Abū Muḥammad Muṣṭafā b. Ḥasan b. Sinan al-Ḥusaynī al-Hās̲h̲imi , 10th/16th-century author of an Arabic historical work dealing with eighty-two Muslim dynasties in as many chapters, entitled al-ʿAylam al-zāk̲h̲ir fī aḥwāl al-awāʾil wa’l-awāk̲h̲ir , usually called Taʾrīk̲h̲ al-D̲j̲annābī . A Turkish translation and abridgment were prepared by the author himself. Whether the accepted form of the mak̲h̲laṣ is correct or should be rather D̲j̲anābī cannot be decided in the absence of information as to whence it was derived. Al-D̲j̲an…

, Abū Ṭāhir. Abū Ṭāhir Sulaymān b. Abī Saʿīd al-Ḥasan was one of the most famous chiefs of the small Ḳarmaṭian state of Baḥrayn and, for several years, the terror of the pilgrims and of the inhabitants of lower ʿIrāḳ. On the death of Abū Saʿīd [see art. above] in 301/913-4, or 300/912-3 according to al-Masʿūdī, his son Saʿīd succeeded him and governed ¶ with a council of notables (al-ʿIḳdāniyya). For some time the Ḳarmaṭians refrained from troubling the caliphate and were even on good terms with the government of the vizier ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā, who granted them pr…

[see gand̲j̲a ].

, once an Arabie port ( furḍa ) on the Red Sea, 20 days’ journey south of Ayla, 3 from al-D̲j̲uḥfa. Until almost the end of the Middle Ages (when Yanbuʿ, which is situated further north, took over this function), al-D̲j̲ār was the supply port of Medina, one day’s journey away (This according to Yāḳūt, ii, 5; according to BGA, vi, 191 it was two days’ journey; according to BGA, i, 19, and ii2, 31 it was three). Al-D̲j̲ār was half on the mainland, and half on an island just offshore. Drinking water had to be brought from the Wādī Yalyal, two parasangs distant. It was a…

[see d̲j̲iwār ].

, locusts. The word is a collective noun, the nom. unit, being d̲j̲arāda , which is applied to the male and the female alike. No cognate synonym seems to exist in the other Semitic languages. For the different stages of the locust’s development the Arabic language possesses special names (such as sirwa , dabā , g̲h̲awghāʾ , k̲h̲ayfān , etc.) which, however, are variously defined by different authorities. Being found in abundance in the homeland of the Arabs, locusts were often mentioned and described in ancient Arabic poetry and proverbs. In the Ḳurʾān they figu…

“the two locusts”, the name given to two slave singing girls who, according to legend, lived in the time of the people of ʿĀd [ q.v.] and belonged to a certain Muʿāwiya b. Bakr al-ʿImlāḳī (see al-Ṭabarī, i, 235-6 and al-Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲ ., index). When the delegates of the people of ʿĀd came to make the pilgrimage to Mecca in order to obtain rain, the two girls so charmed them that Muʿāwiya had to make up some verses to recall them to the object of their mission; but they forgot in the end to make the ṭawāf , and it was This failure of duty which led to the destructio…

(Mardaïtes). This name, the singular of which is D̲j̲urd̲j̲umānī (cf. Ag̲h̲ānī 1, v, 158, Ag̲h̲ānī 2, v, 150, in a poem of Aʿs̲h̲ā Hamdān), according to Yāḳūt, ii, 55 denotes the inhabitants of the town of Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ūma, situated in the Amanus (Lukkām), and of the marshy districts north of Antioch between Bayās and Būḳā. This word could aho be connected with Gurgum, the old name of a legendary province in the region of Marʿas̲h̲, on which see Dussaud, Topogr . hist , de la Syrie , 285, 469. On the other hand Father Lammens recorded a village called D̲j̲ord̲j…

, the ancient Gerasa, a place in Transjordan situated south-east of the Ḏj̲abal ʿAd̲j̲lūn, in a well-wooded hilly district, standing on the bank of a small tributary of the Wādi ’l-Zarḳāʾ, the Wādi ’l-Dayr or Chrysoroas of the Greeks. Founded in the Hellenistic era at a centre of natural communications, later to be followed by Roman roads, it was captured by the Jewish leader Alexander Jannaeus in about 80 B.C., but freed by Pompey; it then belonged to the towns of the Decapolis, being incorpora…

, an ancient fortress in Arabia Petraea situated on the Roman road leading from Buṣrā to the Red Sea, about one mile north ot Ad̲h̲ruḥ [ q.v.]. Like Ad̲h̲ruḥ, it submitted to Muḥammad, in 9/631, on condition of payment of tribute. The distance between Ad̲h̲ruḥ and al-D̲j̲arbāʾ, estimated at “three days’ journey”, has been mentioned frequently in the ḥadīt̲h̲ as an indication of the size of the basin ( ḥawḍ [ q.v.]) where the Prophet will stand on the day of Judgment. The expression “between Ad̲h̲ruḥ and al-D̲j̲arbāʾ“ has thus become proverbial to denote a considerable distance. The place ca…

(Djerba) is the largest island of the Mag̲h̲rib littoral, with an area of 514 sq. kms. It lies to the south of Tunisia in the gulf of Gabès (Little Syrtis in ancient times), an area noted for its sandbanks and tidal currents. The two peninsulas of Mehabeul and Accara reach out towards it from the Djeffara plain, but the island is separated from the mainland by the Bou Grara Sea and Strait of al-Ḳanṭara to the west, and the Ad̲j̲im channel to the east. Although the channel is no more than 2 kms. …