Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

[see ʿabd ].

b. Zuhayr (or: b. Mālik b. Zuhayr) b. al-Ḥuṣayn b. Rizāḥ b. Asʿad b. Bud̲j̲ayr (or: S̲h̲ud̲j̲ayr) b. Rabīʿa, Abū Ayyūb (or: Abū Ḳudāma, or: Abū Yazīd) al-Tamīmī , al-Saʿdī , nicknamed “al-Muḥarriḳ”, the “Burner”—was a Companion of the Prophet (about the identity of D̲j̲āriya b. Ḳudāma with D̲j̲uwayriya b. Ḳudāma see Tahd̲h̲īb , ii, 54, 125, and Iṣāba , i, 227, 276). D̲j̲āriya gained his fame as a staunch supporter of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib. According to a tradition quoted by Ibn Saʿd ( Ṭabaḳāt , vii/1, 38) D̲j̲āriya witnessed the attempt at the assassination of ʿ…

[see naḥw ].

“he who heals wounds”, “surgeon”; d̲j̲irāḥa , “the art of healing wounds, “surgery”, from d̲j̲urḥ , “injury”, “wounds”—like the German “Wund, whence “Wundarzt”, “Wundarznei”, etc. In the time of the Arabic versions of the Greek texts on medicine, another expression corresponding exactly to d̲j̲irāḥa made its way into Arabic medical language and was adopted by the classical authors, namely: ʿamal bi ’l-yad (Ibn Sīnā) or ʿamal al-yad (al-Zahrāwī), “work, action performed with the hand” or “by hand” (which was only a literal translation of χειρουργία). But This l…

al-Ḥakamī , Abū ʿUḳba, an Umayyad general, called Baṭal al-Islām , ‘hero of Islam’, and Fāris Ahl al-S̲h̲ām , ‘cavalier of the Syrians’. He was governor of al-Baṣra for al-Walīd (Caliph 86-96/705-15) under al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲, then governor of K̲h̲urāsān and Sid̲j̲istān ¶ for ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, till deposed by ʿUmar after a year and five months (99-100/718-9) for harsh treatment of the new converts to Islam in K̲h̲urāsān. In 104/722-3 al-D̲j̲arrāḥ was appointed governor of Armenia with orders to attack the K̲h̲azars, who at This t…

or Banu ’l-D̲j̲arrāḥ , a family of the Yemeni tribe of Ṭayy which settled in Palestine and in the Balḳāʾ region, in the mountains of al-S̲h̲arāt as well as in the north Arabian desert where the two hills of ʿAd̲j̲āʾ and Salmā, known also as the mountains of the Banū Ṭayy, are part of their territory. This family attained some importance at the end of the 4th/10th and 5th/11th centuries, but without ever succeeding in creating a state as the Banū Kilāb tribe did at Aleppo, or i…

[see guercif].

(or Surḥūbiyya), a group of the early S̲h̲īʿa, listed as “Zaydī” [ q.v.] because they accepted any Fāṭimid ʿAlid as imām if he were worthy and claimed the imāmate with the sword. Their chief teacher was the blind Abu ’l-D̲j̲ārūd Ziyād b. al-Mund̲h̲ir, who reported ḥadīt̲h̲ from Muḥammad al-Bāḳir and was nicknamed by him “Surḥūb” (blind sea-devil); other leaders were Abū K̲h̲ālid Yazīd al-Wāsiṭī and Fuḍayl b. al-Zubayr al-Rassān. In contrast to other early “Zaydīs”, they rejected Abū Bakr and ʿUmar, not admitting the i…

(Spanish Gerona ), capital of the province of the same name, one of the four capitals ¶ of the principality of Catalonia. It stands about 25 km. from the sea, and its coastline extends along the well-known Costa Brava. Situated in the outer foothills of the Pyrenees, on a small eminence surrounded by the Ter and Oñar rivers, it has at the present day about 40,000 inhabitants. By reason of its strategic situation on the eastern route between France and Spain it has throughout its history been subjected to sieges and constant attacks, from which it derives its name Ciudad de los sitios …

(D̲j̲āsek or D̲j̲āsik), an island in the Persian Gulf mentioned only by Yāḳūt, ii, 9) and Ḳazwīnī ( Kosmographie , ed. Wüstenfeld, 115) among Arab geographers. From their statements, it is probably to be identified with the island of Lārak in the straits of Hormuz 35 km. SSE. of Bandar ʿAbbās [ q.v.], and not with the large island of Ḳis̲h̲m as was done by Le Strange (261). In the time of these two authors D̲j̲āsak belonged to the prince of Kis (Kis̲h̲, the modern Ḳays), a small island in Lat. 26° 33′ N., Long. 54° 02′ E. At the present time the name D̲j̲āsak (now pronounced D̲j̲āsk) is born…

, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī Abū Bakr al-Rāzī , famous Ḥanafī jurist and chief representative of the aṣḥāb al-raʾy [ q.v.] in his day. He was born in 917/305, went to Bag̲h̲dād in 324, and there studied law under ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan al-Kark̲h̲ī. He also worked on the Ḳurʾān and ḥadīt̲h̲ , handing down the ḥadīt̲h̲s of al-Āṣim, ʿAbd al-Bāḳī Ḳāniʿ (the teacher of the famous al-Dāraḳuṭnī [ q.v.]), ʿAbd Allāh b. D̲j̲aʿfar al-Iṣfahānī, Ṭabarānī, and others. Following the advice of his teacher Kark̲h̲ī, he went to Nīs̲h̲āpūr, in order to study uṣūl al-ḥadīt̲h̲ under al-Ḥākim al-Nīsābūr…

, “the informer”, “the spy”, a name which seems to have been given by Tamīm al-Dārī [ q.v.] to the fabulous female animal which he claimed to have encountered on an island upon which he had been cast by a storm, at the same time as the Dad̲j̲d̲j̲āl [ q.v.] who was chained there; the latter being unable to move about, the D̲j̲assāsa, which is a monster of gigantic size, brings him whatever news it has gathered. Assimilated by later exegesis with the Beast ( dābba [ q.v.]) mentioned in the Ḳurʾān (XXVII, 84/82), it adds considerably to the fantastic element in travellers’ and geogra…

(Jessore), principal town of a district of East Pakistan. The town has a garrison and a landing strip. Population of the district in 1951: 1,703,000. Its name is said to derive from the Sanskrit yas̲h̲ohara “disgraced”, relating to the story of Rād̲j̲ā Pratāpāditya, a zamīndār whose rebellious attitude was crushed at the time of the Mug̲h̲al emperor D̲j̲ahāngīr. Under Muslim rule the region formed part of the sarkār of K̲h̲alīfatābād, represented now by Bāgerhāt́ in K̲h̲ulna district, where K̲h̲ān D̲j̲ahān (d. 863/1459), conqueror of This …

[see daylam ].

, a word used to denote the spy, concurrently with ʿayn , observer, literally “eye”, with the result that it is not always possible to distinguish between the two words and one can hardly discuss the one without speaking of the other. However, it seems that d̲j̲āsūs is used more particularly to refer to a spy sent among the enemy. Dictionaries also give for d̲j̲āsūs the sense of bearer of an unfavourable secret ( ṣāḥib sirr al-s̲h̲arr ) as opposed to nāmūs , the bearer of a favourable secret ( ṣāḥib sirr al-k̲h̲ayr ; see LA, vii, 337, Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, Nihāya , i, 163). The Ḳurʾān (XLIX, 12) ordains…

the central Indo-Aryan (Hindī and Urdū) form corresponding to the north-west Indo-Aryan (Pand̲j̲ābī, Lahndā) D̲j̲aťť, a tribe of the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent found particularly in the Pand̲j̲āb, Sind, Rād̲j̲āsthān and western Uttar Pradēs̲h̲. The name is of post-Sanskritic Indian origin (Middle Indo-Aryan * d̲j̲at́t́a ), and the form with short vowel is employed by the Persian translator of the Čač-nāma (compiled 613/1216), the author of the Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Sind ( Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Maʿṣūmī ) and S̲h̲āh Walī Allāh al-Dihlawī [ q.v.] in his Persian letters. For the Arabicized form Zuṭṭ [ q.…

[see d̲j̲āba , d̲j̲āwi , indonesia , java ].

, Abū D̲j̲aʿfar Muḥammad b. ʿAlī (he also had the honorific name of D̲j̲āmal al-Dīn ), vizier of the Zangids; he had been carefully educated by his father, and at a very early age was given an official appointment in the dīwān al-ʿarḍ of the Sald̲j̲ūḳid sultan Maḥmūd. Subsequently he became one of the most intimate friends of Zangī, who made him governor of Naṣībīn and al-Raḳḳa and entrusted him with general supervision of the whole empire. After Zangī’s assassination he very nearly shared his master’s ¶ fate, but succeeded in leading the troops to Mosul. Zangī’s son, Sayf al-Dīn…

, Aḥmad (T. Ahmed Cevad Paṣa), 1851-1900, Ottoman Grand Vizier. Born in Syria, the son of the mīralāy Muṣṭafā ʿĀṣi̊m (whose family originated from Afyonkarahisar), he was educated at the Military College and completed the Staff College course in 1871. He served in the Russo-Turkish war as A.D.C. to the Commander-in-Chief Süleymān Pas̲h̲a and as chief of staff of Nad̲j̲īb Pas̲h̲a’s division. Rapidly promoted, he was appointed successively ambassador to Montenegro, with the rank of mīrliwā (1301/1884), chief of staff to the governor and military com…

, double plural of d̲j̲ālī (through the intermediate form d̲j̲āliya which is also found, particularly in old papyri), literally “émigrés”, a term which, in administrative usage, very soon served to denote the d̲j̲izya [ q.v.]. Ancient writers believed that the word had originally been applied to the poll-tax on the d̲h̲immī s who were émigrés (driven out) from Arabia; some modern writers have thought that it could have taken on its meaning, by extension, from a term used of the tax on the Jewish community in “Exile” d̲j̲ālūt: there is no trace of any such specific use. It would se…

or Ibn al-D̲j̲awālīḳī . Abū Manṣūr Mawhūb b. Aḥmad b. Muḥ. b. al-K̲h̲aḍir . so named according to Brockelmann, I2, 332 and S I, 492. Born in Bag̲h̲dād in 466/1073, he died there on 15 Muḥarram 539/19 July 1144. According to Brockelmann, he belonged to an ancient family, but the nisba al-d̲j̲awālīḳī “maker, seller of sacks”, Persian gowāl ( e) “sack”, arabicized d̲j̲uwāliḳ , pl. d̲j̲awāliḳu , recorded in the Muʿarrab (48 end-49), pl. d̲j̲awālīḳu (Sībawayhi, ii (Paris), 205, allows us to suppose a humble origin. He was the second successor of his master al-Tibrīzī in the chair of p…

, Mirzā Kāẓim ʿAlī , one of the pioneers of Urdū prose literature and a muns̲h̲ī at Fort William College (Calcutta), originally a resident of Dihlī, migrated to Lucknow after the break-up of the cultural and social life of the Imperial capital following the invasion of Aḥmad S̲h̲āh Abdālī in 1174/1760, and was living in Lucknow in 1196/1782 when Ibrāhīm K̲h̲ān K̲h̲alīl was busy compiling his tad̲h̲kira (see Gulzār-i Ibrāhim , ʿAlī-gaŕh 1352/1934, 93). A writer of simple, chaste and unornamented Urdū prose and a scholar of Persian and Arabic (…

[see futuwwa ].

(local Kurdish d̲j̲wānrō ), a district of Persian Kurdistān lying to the west of Mt. S̲h̲āhō, between Avroman (Hawermān [ q.v.]) in the north, S̲h̲ahrizūr in the west, and Zuhāb and Rawānsar in the south and east. The country is generally mountainous and thickly wooded. The valleys are well watered and very fertile, being in effect the granary of the Avroman area. There is no river now known by this name, but Minorsky derives it from * Ḏj̲āwān-rūd , influenced by Persian d̲j̲awān ‘young’. A Kurdish tribe D̲j̲āwānī, listed by Masʿūdī ( Murūd̲j̲ , iii, 253; Tanbīh , 88),…

(< Persian gāwars ) is millet, Panicum miliaceum L. (Gramineas), one of the oldest cultivated plants. While in Europe it is now almost only used as fodder, millet plays a prominent role as cereal and victuals in many areas of Asia and Africa. Although the ancient Spartans ate millet, Dioscorides considers millet as the least nutritious of all cereals ( De materia medica, ed. Wellmann, i, 1907, 173 f. = lib. ii, 97). This is adopted by the Arab translator ( La “Materia médica” de Dioscorides , ii, ed. Dubler and Terés, Tetuan 1952, 179), who renders the Greek κένγχρος with kank̲h̲arūs …

(not ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ) b. ʿUmar b. Abī Bakr D̲j̲amāl al-dīn al-dimas̲h̲ḳī , dervish and alchemist from Damascus who travelled and wrote in the first half of the 7th/13th century. He spent some time in Egypt (before 613/1216, and in 620/1223, 623/1226 and 624/1227) and in Northern Syria (Āmid, Anṭākiya, Ḥarrān, Konya, al-Ruhāʾ) and travelled through the Biḳāʿ and the Ḥid̲j̲āz (D̲j̲idda, al-Madīna). He claims to have been also in Cyprus, Baḥrayn and India. Al-D̲j̲awbarī wrote between 629/1232 and 646/1248-9 upon the request of the Arṭuḳid al-Malik al-Masʿūd (in 629/1232 …

, a eunuch—as is indicated by the epithet ustād̲h̲ generally appended to his name—and slave who played an important part under the first Fāṭimid caliphs. Even in the time of the last Ag̲h̲labid he was already working in his service and, while still young, was marked out by al-Mahdī when he came to al-Raḳḳāda. By his devotion he won the favour of the caliph and his son al-Ḳāʾim. During the latter’s reign he became director of the Treasury and Textile ¶ Stores, but in addition was the intermediary ( safīr ) of the caliph, that is to say in charge of relations betw…

, district and town in north central Saudi Arabia, near the southern terminus of Wādī al-Sirḥān. The district of al-D̲j̲awf (=“belly, hollow”), also known as al-D̲j̲uba, is a roughly triangular depression, with one base along the northern fringe of al-Nafud and its northern apex at al-S̲h̲uwayḥiṭiyya. It is bounded on the west by D̲j̲āl al-D̲j̲ūba al-G̲h̲arbī and on the east by D̲j̲āl al-D̲j̲ūba al-S̲h̲arḳī. Al-D̲j̲awf, or al-D̲j̲ūba, with an area of approximately 3,850 square kms., is separated…

, a topographical term denoting a depressed plain, is similar in meaning to and sometimes replaced by d̲j̲aww , as in D̲j̲awf or D̲j̲aww al-Yamāma (al-Bakrī, ll, 405) and D̲j̲awf or D̲j̲aww Tuʾām. The name d̲j̲awf is applied to many locations: chiefly D̲j̲awf al-Sirḥān and D̲j̲awf Ibn Nāṣir (also known as D̲j̲awf without the definite article (al-Bakrī), ¶ D̲j̲awf al-Yaman, al-D̲j̲awf, and the two D̲j̲awfs—D̲j̲awf Hamdān and D̲j̲awf Murād of the lexicographers). D̲j̲awf Ibn Nāṣir of north-west al-Yaman is a broad plain, roughly tr…

is the chief oasis of the Kufra oasis complex in the Libyan Desert and is located about 575 miles SE of Benghazi. The 2200 (1950 estimate) inhabitants of D̲j̲awf raise dates, grapes, barley, and olives. Local industry is limited to handicrafts and olive pressing. In the mid-nineteenth century, the founder of the Sanūsī Order, al-Sayyid Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Sanūsī, established Zāwiyat al-Ustād̲h̲ at D̲j̲awf at the request of the local tribe, Zwuyya (Ziadeh 49, cf. EI 1, iv, 1108 which gives the tribe’s name as Zāwiya) and opened the Sahara and the central Sudan to Sanūsī penetration. D̲j̲awf ¶…

“substance” (the Arabic word is derived from Persian gawhar , Pahlawī gör , which has already the meaning of substance, although both in Pahlawī and in Arabic, it can mean also jewel) is the common translation of οὐσία, one of the fundamental terms of Aristotelian philosophy. “Substance” in a general sense may be said to signify the real, that which exists in reality, al-mawd̲j̲ūd bi ’l-ḥaḳīḳa . In opposition to Plato, for whom the particular transitory things of the visible world are but appearances and reality lies in a world beyond, the world of constant, e…

(i) Substance. [see Vol. II]. (ii) Jewel, jewelry Whether or not d̲j̲awhar had the meaning “jewel” from the beginning of This word’s usage in the Arabic language is uncertain, but This meaning is well-attested from early in the Islamic era. For example, both d̲j̲awhar and the plural d̲j̲awāhir are used in the Paris manuscript of the Kitāb al-Aḥd̲j̲ar li-Arisṭāṭālīs (publ. with tr. and comm. in 1912 by J. Ruska as Das Steinbuch des Aristoteles —see p. 92 for the above-mentioned terms), a work which Ruska dated to some time before the middle of the…

(ii) [see supplement ].

Āftābačī , the author of Tad̲h̲kirat al-wāḳiʿāt , valuable memoirs of the reign of Humāyūn [ q.v.] and giving much useful information not available elsewhere, was for some years ewer-bearer ( āftābačī ) to Humāyūn and in this capacity came very close to the emperor. He enjoyed the honorific title of mihtar (cf. Akbarnāma , Bib. Ind., i, 346; the appellation mihtar was, however, common to all the āftābačīs in the service of the emperor), and was a trusted confidant of his master. Although he was neither a scholar not a writer of any high standard, history has, ho…

, Abū Naṣr Ismāʿīl ( b. Naṣr ?) b. Ḥammād , a celebrated Arabic lexicographer of Turkish origin, born in the town (or: in the province) of Fārāb [ q.v.] (whence his nisba al-Fārābī), situated east of the Sir-Daryā. In later times, Fārāb was called Otrār or Oṭrār. ¶ The date of his birth is unknown. For the year of his death most sources give either 393/1002-3 or 398/1007-8, while others mention 397/1006-7 or about 400/1009-10. The first date (or even earlier ones; see Rosenthal) is made doubtful by the statement of Yāḳūt that he had seen an autograph copy of al-D̲j̲awharī’s Ṣiḥāḥ dated 396. Al-D̲j̲…

, modernist Egyptian theologian. He was born in 1278/1862 in the village of Kafr ʿAwaḍ Allāh Ḥid̲j̲āzī in the Nile Delta to the south-east of al-Zaḳāzīḳ. He studied at al-Azhar [ q.v.] and at Dār al-ʿUlūm [ q.v.] from 1889 until 1893 when he graduated. After his graduation, he worked as a school-teacher at various primary and secondary schools until his retirement in 1922, except for the period between 1908 and 1914 when he taught at Dār al-ʿUlūm (ethics, tafsīr , ḥadīt̲h̲ and grammar) and at the Egyptian University (Islamic philosophy). He is the author of an impressive oeuvre of nea…

, general and adminisstrator, one of the founders of the Fāṭimid Empire in North Africa and Egypt. His name was D̲j̲awhar b. ʿAbd Allāh, also D̲j̲ōhar together with the epithets of al-Ṣaḳlabī (the Slav), al-Ṣiḳillī (the Sicilian) or al-Rūmī (the Greek) and al-Kātib (the State Chancellor) or al-Ḳāʾid (the General). The first two epithets cast some light on his obscure origin, the other two denote the two highest posts he occupied. His birth date is unknown, but judging by the date of his death (20 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda …

, plur. D̲j̲āwa, Muslims from the Bilād al-D̲j̲āwa. Bilād al-D̲j̲āwa was the collective name for the South-East Asian area used by the inhabitants of Mecca when C. Snouck Hurgronje visited it in 1884-5, and probably much earlier; it has remained in use. D̲j̲āwa means not only the Javanese, but also the linguistically related people from the other islands, including the Philippines, and even the linguistically non-related peoples from the South-East Asian mainland. Generally well-to-do and pious,…

, Young Turk economist and statesman. Meḥmed D̲j̲āwīd was born in 1875 in Salonika, where his father was a merchant, and received his early education both there and in Istanbul. He graduated from the Mülkiyye in 1896, where he formed a lasting friendship with his classmate Hüseyin D̲j̲āhid [Yalçin], the journalist. After a brief tour of duty with the Agricultural Bank, he entered the service of the Ministry of Education, resigning in 1902 as secretary of the bureau of primary education. Back in Salonika he became director of a private elementary school, Mekteb-i Tefeyyüz , and joined the ʿOt…

[see supplement ].

(P.) “eternal wisdom”, the title of a kind of Iranian Fürstenspiegel whose earliest known mention, occurs in a work by al-D̲j̲āḥiẓ, now lost, containing the memorable sayings of wise men and poets (see al-Ḵh̲afād̲j̲ī, Ṭirāz , 108), the Istiṭālat al-fahm . Judging by an extract which has been preserved, this author recounts, on the authority of al-Wāḳidī, the conditions in which the Ḏj̲āwīd̲h̲ān k̲h̲irad , the spiritual testament written “just after the Flood” by the mythical king Hūs̲h̲ang [ q.v.] for his sons and successors, was allegedly rediscovered. When al-Maʾmūn was …

[see čawgān ].

, a district in southern Syria bounded on the west by the Jordan, on the north by the spurs of Hermon, on the east by the Nahr al-ʿAllān and on the south by the Yarmūk. The northern part lies at a certain altitude and presents the appearance of a wild, hilly region, covered with blocks of lava and oak forests which were once magnificent but are now extremely impoverished. The southern part is fairly low-lying and differs but little from the plain of Ḥawrān, with a soil of volcanic detritus, more even and of greater fertility. The territory of Ḏj̲awlān corresponds with the ancient Gaulaniti…

( Jaunpur ), city on the Gumtī in Uttar Pradesh, north India, lat. 25° 48′ N., long. 82° 42′ E., and the surrounding district. The city was founded in 760/1359 by Fīrūz S̲h̲āh Tug̲h̲luḳ [ q.v.], near the ancient Manāyč reduced by Maḥmūd of G̲h̲azni in 409/1018 and renamed Ẓafarābād by Ẓafar K̲h̲ān, its governor under G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn Tug̲h̲luḳ after 721/1321. Muslim historians derive the name Ḏj̲awnpur from Ḏj̲awna S̲h̲āh, Muḥammad b. Tug̲h̲luḳ’s title before his accession; but D̲j̲amanpur is known as a by-form of the name (? connexion with Ḏj̲awn=D̲j̲amnā, [ q.v.]; Skt. Yamunendrapura…

, Sayyid Muḥammad al-Kāẓimī al-Ḥusaynī b. Sayyid K̲h̲ān alias Bad́d́h Uwaysī (cf. Āʾīn-i Akbarī , Bibl. Ind., ii, 241) and Bībī Āḳā Malik , the pseudo-Mahdī [ q.v.], was born at D̲j̲awnpur [ q.v.] on Monday, 14 D̲j̲umādā I 847/10 September 1443. None of the contemporary sources mentions the names of his parents as ʿAbd Allāh and Āmina, as claimed by the Mahdawī sources ( e.g., Sirād̲j̲ al-Abṣār , see Bibliography), in an obvious attempt to identify them with the names of the Prophet’s parents so that the prediction made in the aḥādīt̲h̲ al-Mahdī (cf. Ibn Taymiyya, Minhād̲j̲ al-Sunna …

, Abū ʿAlī Muḥammad b. Asʿad , Arab genealogist and historian, b. 525/1131, d. 588/1192. The Ḏj̲awwānī family claimed ʿAlid descent through a son of ʿUbayd Allāh b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib. This pedigree was well established at least as early as the first half of the 4th/10th century when Abu ’l-Farad̲j̲ al-Iṣfahānī ( Maḳātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn , Cairo 1368/1949, 193, 435, 438) reported historical information received by him personally from ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-D̲j̲awwānī, himself a genealogist and the eighth line…

is the nut in general, and in particular the class of the walnut ( Juglans regia L.), rich in varieties. Term and object are of Persian origin ( gawz ), as correctly recognised by the early Arab botanists (Abū Ḥanīfa al-Dīnawarī, The book of plants, ed. B. Lewin, Uppsala-Wiesbaden 1953, 86, l. 14). They also relate that the walnut-tree is widespread in the Arab peninsula, especially in the Yemen, and that its wood is appreciated because of its firmness; shields made from wood of the walnut-tree are mentioned also in poetry because of their hardness: ṣaḥīfatu tursin d̲j̲awzuhā lam yut̲h̲aḳ…

[see nud̲j̲ūm ].

[see minṭaḳat al-burūd̲j̲ ].

or al-D̲j̲awzahr , technical term occurring in Arabic and Persian astrological and astronomical texts. 1. It indicates primarily the two lunar nodes, al-ʿuḳdatāni , i.e., the two diametrically opposite points of intersection between the moon’s orbit and the ecliptic: the ascending node or “head”, raʾs , and the descending node or “tail”, d̲h̲anab ( scil . of the ¶ dragon, al-tinnīn ). In many cases it refers only to the “head”; in some mss. a special word, nawbahr , is used for the “tail” [see below]. The word Ḏj̲awzahar, though explained differently in the Mafātīḥ al-ʿulūm …