Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

al-Ḳaṣabī (also al-T̲h̲aḳafī), a prominent Muʿtazilī theologian and ascetic of the school of Bag̲h̲dād, d. 234/848-9. He was a disciple of Abū Mūsā al-Murdār, and to some slight degree also influenced by al-Naẓẓām [ q.v.] of Baṣra. Little is known of his life except some anecdotes about his abnegation of the world, and the information that he introduced the Muʿtazilī doctrine to ʿĀna [ q.v.], and held disputations with Bis̲h̲r b. G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Marīsī [ q.v.]. He is the author of numerous works on fiḳh and kalām (al-K̲h̲ayyāṭ 81; Fihrist 37) and he had numerou…

[see abū maʿs̲h̲ar ].

[see al-barāmika ].

(864/1459-921/1515), Ottoman statesman and man of letters, was born at Amasya (for the date see E. Blochet, Cat. des mss. turcs , ii, 1-2), where his father Tād̲j̲ī Beg was adviser to Prince (later Sultan) Bāyezīd. After rising in the theological career to müderris , he was appointed nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊ by Bāyezīd II (in 903/1497-8, see Tâci-zâde Sa’dî Çelebi Münşeâtı , ed. N. Lugal & A. Erzi, Istanbul 1956, 85). Suspected of favouring Prince Aḥmad in the struggle for the succession, Ḏj̲aʿfar, with other of Aḥmad’s partisans, was dismis…

[see fiḳh , it̲h̲nā ʿas̲h̲àriyya ].

(“the trustworthy”), Abū ʿAbd Allāh, son of Muḥammad al-Bāḳir, was transmitter of ḥadīt̲h̲s and the last imām recognized by both Twelver and Ismāʿīlī S̲h̲īʿīs. He was born ¶ in 80/699-700 or 83/702-3 in Medina, his mother, Umm Farwa, being a great-granddaughter of Abū Bakr. He inherited al-Bāḳir’s following in 119/737 (or 114/733); hence during the crucial years of the transition from Umayyad to ʿAbbāsid power he was at the head of those S̲h̲īʿīs who accepted a nonmilitant Fāṭimī imāmate. He lived quietly in Madīna as an authority in ḥadīt̲h̲ and probably in fiḳh ;…

b. ʿAlī s̲h̲arīf al-Ḳurays̲h̲ī al-Nāgōrī , whose dates of birth and death are unknown, wrote his Ḳānūn-i Islām at the instigation of Dr. Herklots some time before 1832. He is said to have been “a man of low origin and of no account in ¶ his own country”, born at Uppuēlūru (Ellore) in Kistna District, Madras, and was employed as a muns̲h̲ī in the service of the Madras government. He was an orthodox Sunnī, yet tolerant towards the S̲h̲īʿas, who had considerable influence in south India in his time, learned yet objective in his approach…

The particular veneration which, among the S̲h̲īʿas, the members of the Prophet’s family enjoy, is at the base of the belief that the descendants of Fāṭima have inherited certain privileges inherent in Prophethood; prediction of the future and of the destinies of nations and dynasties is one of these privileges. The S̲h̲īʿī conception of prophecy, closely connected with that of the ancient gnosis (cf. Tor Andrae, Die Person Muhammeds in Lehre und Glauben seiner Gemeinde , Stockholm 1918, ch. vi) made the prophetic afflatus pass from Adam to Muḥamm…

[see čag̲h̲atay ].

a small oasis to the southeast of Cyrenaica, the site of the tomb of Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Sanūsī, founder of the brotherhood of the Sanūsiyya. It is the furthest east, the smallest and the least prosperous of the oases along the important traditional route which leads from the valley of the Nile and Sīwa to Fezzan and the region of Tripoli, passing through a chain of depressions where are to be found the palm-groves of D̲j̲ālo, Awd̲j̲īla, Marada, and D̲j̲ufra, which are close to the 29th parallel. The depression of D̲j̲ag̲h̲būb consists of a sinuous basin called Wādī D̲j̲ag̲h̲būb c…

(or Čag̲h̲mīnī ), Maḥmūd b. Muḥammad b. ʿUmar , a well-known Arab astronomer, a native of D̲j̲ag̲h̲mīn, a small town in ¶ K̲h̲wārizm. The dates of his birth and death are not precisely established, but it is very probable that he died in 745/1344-5 (cf. Suter, in ZDMG, liii (1899), 539). The following works of his have been preserved: (1) al-Mulak̲h̲k̲h̲aṣ fi ’ l-hayʾa (Epitome of astronomy), which was very widely known and was frequently commented upon, notably by Ḳāḍīzāda al-Rūmī, by al-Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ānī. and by many others; a German tran…

, land given or assigned by governments in India to individuals, as a pension or as a reward for immediate services. The holder ( d̲j̲āgīrdār ) was not liable for land tax on his holding (see Ḍarība ), nor necessarily for military service by virtue of his tenure. See further iḳṭāʿ .

, Muʿizz al-Dīn , Mug̲h̲al emperor regnabat 21 Ṣafar 1124/29 March 1712 to 16 Muḥarram 1125/11 February 1713. Born 10 Ramaḍān 1071/10 May 1661, eldest son of Bahādur S̲h̲āh [ q.v.], at the time of his father’s death he was governor of Multān. Pleasure-loving and indolent, he was able to participate actively in the struggle among Bahādur S̲h̲āh’s sons for the throne only through the support of the ambitious D̲h̲u ’l-fiḳār K̲h̲ān, mīr bak̲h̲s̲h̲ī and ṣūbadār of the Deccan who was anxious to exclude ʿAẓīm al-S̲h̲aʾn from the succession and to win the wizāra for himself. After three days fight…

, the fourth Mug̲h̲al emperor of India in the line of Bābur [ q.v.], the first surviving child of Akbar, others born earlier having all died in infancy, was born on 17 Rabīʿ I 977/31 August 1569 of a Rād̲j̲pūt queen, called Miryam al-Zamānī, at (Fatḥpur) Sīkrī, near Āgrā, in the hermitage of a recluse S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Salīm Čis̲h̲tī, to whose intercession the birth of a son was attributed. The young prince was named Salīm after the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ but Akbar always called him S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ū Bābā, scrupulously avoiding the …

, Gehenna (Hebrew gēhinnōm , valley of the Gehenna); the Arabic word evokes etymologically the idea of “depth” (cf. infernus ). Used very often in the Ḳurʾān as a synonym of nār (“fire”), d̲j̲ahannam must accordingly be rendered by the general idea of Hell. The same is true in traditions. Exegetists and many treatises on kalām (or taṣawwuf ) were, subsequently, to give it a particularized connotation. The description of the Muslim Hell, the problems relating to it and consequently the references to verses in the Ḳurʾān mentioning d̲j̲ahannam, are considered in the article nār: here only …

(i) [see supplement].

(ii) [See mug̲h̲als ].

ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Ḥusayn b. al-Ḥusayn , G̲h̲ūrid ruler—poet, notorious for his burning of G̲h̲azna in 546/1151. The cause of the violence between the G̲h̲ūrids and Bahrām S̲h̲āh of G̲h̲azna [ q.v.] would appear to have been an attempt by Ḳuṭb al-Dīn Muḥammad, (eldest brother of ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn) to seize G̲h̲azna through an intrigue with some of its inhabitants. Bahrām S̲h̲āh had him poisoned; an attempt by another brother, Sayf al-Dīn Sūrī, to avenge his brother ended, after the temporary occupation of G̲h̲azna by the G̲h̲ūrid force…

(pl. d̲j̲ahābid̲h̲a ), a term of Persian origin, perhaps derived from a * gahbad̲h̲ in the Sāsānid administration, (the term is suggested by Herzfeld; Paikuli, gloss. N° 274) used in the sense of a financial clerk, expert in matters of coins, skilled money examiner, treasury receiver, government cashier, money changer or collector ( Tād̲j̲ al-ʿArūs , ii, 558; Dozy, Supplément , i, 226; Vullers, Lexicon Persicum , i, 544; Ibn Mammātī, 304, etc.). From the end of the 2nd/8th century on, bearers of this title in the time of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphs Manṣūr, Harūn, and Mahdī …

[see k̲h̲alwatiyya ].