Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

b. Kočḳar , Turkish slave commander of the Sald̲j̲ūḳs and governor for them in Ḵh̲wārazm with the traditional title of Ḵh̲wārazm-S̲h̲ah [ q.v.] in 490/1097. He was the successor in this office of Anūs̲h̲tigin G̲h̲arčaʾī, the founder of the subsequent line of Ḵh̲wārazm-S̲h̲āhs who made their province the centre of a great military empire in the period preceeding the Mongol invasions. According to Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, x, 181-2, Ekenči was one of Sultan Berk-Yaruḳ’s slaves (but according to Ḏj̲uwaynī, ii, 3, tr. Boyle, i, 278, one of Sand̲j̲ar’s slaves), and was appointed to Ḵh̲wārazm by Berk-…

, Red̲j̲āʾīzāde Maḥmūd (1847-1914), Turkish writer, poet and critic, one of the leading personalities in the victory of the modern school of poetry over traditional dīwān -poetry. Born in Vaniköy, a suburb of Istanbul on the Bosphorus, he was the son of Red̲j̲āʾī Efendi, director of the Government Press, a poet and scholar of some distinction. He attended various schools until the age of fifteen and, like most of his contemporaries, continued his education as an apprentice clerk in the chancellery o…

[see maʿmūrat al-ʿazīz ].

(T. él-basan ‘[fortress] which subdues the land’), town of central Albania (41° 06′ N., 20° 06′ E.) on the site of the ancient Scampis on the Via Egnatia, a strategic position controlling the fertile valley of the Shkumbî (anc. Genysos), which here emerges from the mountains. The fortress, round which the town grew up, was built with great speed at the command of Meḥemmed II while Krujё (Kroya [ q.v.]) was being unsuccessfully besieged in the summer of 1466, as a base for future operations against Iskandar Beg [ q.v.]; it resisted a siege in the following spring. At first administer…

, Abulustayn or Ablistayn in the ancient Arabic writers, Āblistān in the Persian, Ablasta in the Armenian, Plasta in the Byzantine, ¶ and Albistān or Elbistān in more recent times: a town in south-eastern Anatolia, 38°15′ N., 37° 11′ E., at an altitude of 1150 m., on the Sögütlü Dere, one of the sources of the Ceyhan, the Pyramos of antiquity. It is situated in a wide plain which is rich in water and enclosed by high mountains of the eastern Taurus, at the foot of the S̲h̲ar Dag̲h̲i̊ (1300 m. = 4265 ft.). It is the capital of a kaza in the vilâyet of Maras̲h̲. In 1950, it had 7,477 inhabitants, and the kaza…

[see alburz ].

[see als̲h̲ ]. ¶

, a Turkish word meaning envoy, from el or il, country, people, or state, with the occupational suffix či (= d̲j̲i ). In some eastern Turkish texts the word appears to denote the ruler of a land or people; its normal meaning, however, since early times, has been that of envoy or messenger, usually in a diplomatic, sometimes, in mystical literature, in a figurative religious sense. In Ottoman Turkish it became the normal word for an ambassador, together with the more formal Arabic term sefīr . From an early date the Ottoman sultans exchanged occasional diplo…

, Turkish archeologist and historian, was born on 24 (?) June 1861 in Istanbul. He was the youngest son of the grand vizier Ibrāhīm Edhem Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]. After completing his primary school course in Istanbul, he continued, from 1876, his secondary education in Berlin, and later studied chemistry and natural sciences in the University of Zurich and at the Polytechnic School of Vienna. In 1885 he received the Ph. D. degree from the University of Berne. Back in Istanbul he was appointed to an office in the Ministry of War …

[see adwiya ].

[see mart̲h̲iya ].

[see fīl ].

[see gāwilgarh ].

, Iličpur , modern Ačalpur , a town of the mediaeval Islamic province of Berār [ q.v.] in southern Central India, lying near the headwaters of the Purnā constituent of the Tāptī River in lat. 21° 16ʹ N. and long. 77° 33ʹ E. Up to 1853, Eličpur was generally regarded as the capital of Berār, after when Amraotī became the administrative centre. The pre-Islamic history of Eličpur is semi-legendary, its foundation being attributed to a Jain Rād̲j̲ā called Il in the 10th century. By Baranī’s time (later 7th/13th century), it could be described as one of the fam…

[see ilyās ].

[see alīsāʿ ].

[see al-k̲h̲āṣṣa wa’l-ʿāmma ].

[see al-iksīr ].

[see alkāṣ mirza ].

[see elurā ].

name of several ranges of mountains in Anatolia: I) south-east of Ankara, 2) north-west of Elmali̊ (2505 m. [= 8,218 ft.]). (Fr. Taeschner) ¶

, earlier spelling Elmalu (Turkish = “Appletown”), a small town in south-western Anatolia, 36° 45′ N., 29° 55′ E., altitude 1150 m. (= 3,772 ft.), on a small plain, surrounded by high mountains (Elma Dag̲h̲i̇ 2505 m. (= 8,218 ft.) in the north, Bey Dag̲h̲lari̇ 3086 m. (= 10,124 ft.) in the south-east), in the vicinity of the small lake Kara-Göl. This lake flows into a cave, Elmali̊ Düdeni. Elmali̊ is capital of a kaza in the vilâyet of Antalya, and has 4,967 inhabitants (1950); the kaza has 23,993 inhabitants. Elmali̊, in the ancient region of Lycia, is a pretty and neat town with a …

[see balāg̲h̲a , bayān and faṣāḥa ].

The Elurā (Ellora) caves, near Dawlatābād [ q.v.], appear in the history of Muslim India only as the scene of the capture of the Gud̲j̲arāt princess Deval Devī, the future bride of Ḵh̲iḍr Ḵh̲ān [ q.v.], for ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Ḵh̲ald̲j̲ī by Alp Ḵh̲ān. who had given his forces leave to visit the cave temples (Firis̲h̲ta, Lucknow lith., i, 117). These caves were justly famous and were described by some early travellers, e.g., Masʿūdī, iv, 95, copied with much distortion of names by Ḳazwīnī, cf. Gildemeister, Scriptorum Arabutn de rebus Indicis , text 79, trans. 221; Musl…

[see ilbīra ]. ¶

[see alwand ].

[see taḥrīr ].

[see emīn ].

, aTurkicized Arabic expression meaning sacred trust or deposit, the name given to a collection of relics preserved in the treasury of the Topkapi palace in Istanbul. The most important are a group of objects said to have belonged to the Prophet; they included his cloak ( k̲h̲irḳa-i s̲h̲erīf [ q.v.]), a prayer-rug, a flag, a bow, a staff, a pair of horseshoes, as well as a tooth, some hairs (see liḥya ), and a stone bearing the Prophet’s footprint. In addition there are weapons, utensils and garments said to have belonged to the ancient prophets, to the early Caliph…

[see ḥināṭa ].

[see s̲h̲iʿār ].

[see d̲j̲awhar , zumurrud ].

[see ḥims ].

[see d̲j̲āliya , hid̲j̲ra and muhād̲j̲irūn ].

, from Arabic amīn [ q.v.], faithful, trustworthy, an Ottoman administrative title usually translated intendant or commissioner. His function or office was called emānet . The primary meaning of emīn , in Ottoman official usage, was a salaried officer appointed by or in the name of the Sultan, usually by berāt , to administer, supervise or control a department, function or source of revenue. There were thus emīns of various kinds of stores and supplies, of mints, of mines, of customs, customs-houses and other revenues, and of the taḥrīr [ q.v.], the preparation of the registers of la…

, [see yurdakul, mehmed emin].

(Eduard Carl Oscar Theodor Schnitzer) was born on 28 March 1840 at Oppeln in Prussian Silesia. He graduated in medicine at Berlin in 1864. He entered the Ottoman service as a medical officer in Albania in 1865, and assumed the name of Ḵh̲ayr Allāh; later, in the Sudan, he became known as Meḥmed Emīn (Muḥammad Amīn, not al-A.). He went to Egypt in October 1875, whence he proceeded to khartoum, and (in May 1876) to Lado, the capital of the Equatorial Provinces, where he was appointed medical offic…

[see amīr ].

, Sayyid S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Meḥemmed b. ʿAlī al-Ḥüseynī al-Buk̲h̲ārī , popularly known as Emīr Seyyid, or Emīr Sulṭān, the patron saint of Bursa (Brusa). He is supposed to have been a descendant of the 12th Imam, Muḥammad al-Mahdī, and hence a Sayyid. His father, Sayyid ʿAlī, known under the name of Emīr Külāl, was a Ṣūfī in Buk̲h̲ārā. He himself, born in Buk̲h̲ārā (in 770/ 1368), joined the Nūrbak̲h̲s̲h̲iyya branch of the Kubrawiyya in his early youth. Some menāḳribnāmes assert that he was a follower of the Imāmiyya. After his ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ , Emīr Sulṭān spent some tim…

[see anbāduḳlīs ].

( ʿEmrāli , Īmrʿālī or Īmrālī ), a semi-sedentary Turkmen tribe which since the 10th/16th century has dwelt in Ḵh̲urāsān, in the region of Gürgen. Driven back at the end of the 12th/18th century by the Tekkes (Tekins), the tribe emigrated northwards and, in two successive waves, settled down in Ḵh̲wārizm (region of Hud̲j̲aylī on the Amān Ḳūlī canal), the first in 1803-4 and the second in 1827 when they submitted to the Ḵh̲āns of Ḵh̲iva. In 1873 (I. Ibragimov, Nekotori̊e zametki o Ḵh̲ivinskik̲h̲ Turkmenak̲h̲ i Kirgizak̲h̲ , in Voenni̊y Sbornik , xcviii (1874), no.…

[see mīnā ].

[see mawsūʿa ].

(pers. Andarūn, “inside”; turk. Enderūn). The term Enderūn (or Enderūn-i Humāyun) was used to designate the “Inside” Service (asopposed to Bīrūn [ q.v.], the “Outside” Service) of the Imperial Household of the Ottoman Sulṭān: i.e., to denote the complex of officials engaged in the personal and private service of the Sulṭān—included therein was the system of Palace Schools—and placed under the control of the Chief of the White Eunuchs, the Bāb al-Saʿādet Ag̲h̲asi̊ (the Ag̲h̲a of the Gate of Felicity— i.e., the gate leading from the second into the third court, proceeding inw…

[see and̲j̲uman , d̲j̲amʿiyya ].

[see ankara ].

[see mad̲j̲āristān and ungurus ].

[see nud̲j̲ūm ].

[see innāyēr ].

[see idrīs ].

(also Inos/z ), Ottoman name for the classical Ainos, now Enez, town on the Aegean coast of Thrace (40° 43′ N., 26° 03′ E.) on the east bank of the estuary of the Merič ([ q.v.], anc. Hebros). From classical times until the last century it was a prosperous harbour, on an important trade route from the upper Merič valley and across the isthmus from the Black Sea, with valuable and much-coveted saltpans. With Lesbos (T. Midilli, [ q.v.]) it passed in 1355 to Francesco Gattilusio, as the dowry of Maria, the sister of John V Palaeologus. On the death of Palamede Gattilusio in…

[see ʿalam ].

, Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Saʿd Allāh Efendi (1733?-1794), minor Ottoman historian. He was born at Trebizond (Trabzon), going to Istanbul as a young man. After completing his studies he found employment with the Sublime Porte. Enwerī was appointed official historian in 1182/ 1769 and retained that function, except for four short intervals, under three Sultans, Muṣṭafā III, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd I and Selīm III. He also undertook additional duties. From 1184/1771 onwards he was Tes̲h̲rīfātd̲j̲i̊ , Ḏj̲ebed̲j̲iler Kātibi , Mewḳūfātd̲j̲i̊ , Büyük Ted̲h̲kired̲j̲i and, four times, Anadolu Muḥāsebed̲j̲is…

Young Turk soldier and statesman (1881-1922). Enwer was born in the Dīwānyolu quarter of Istanbul, on 22 November 1881, the eldest of six children of Aḥmed bey, then a minor civil servant, and his wife ʿĀʾis̲h̲e. The family was from Manastir (Bitolj) in Macedonia, and moved there again when Enwer was a boy. After completing his secondary schooling there, Enwer entered the military academy (Mekteb-i Ḥarbiyye) in Istanbul, completing both the regular officers’ training course and the advanced general staff course. He graduated second in his class on 5 ¶ December 1902 (the first was hi…

[see bandar ʿabbās ].