Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

, Sulaḥfāʾ , Sulaḥfāh , Sulaḥfiyya , pl. salāḥif (a.), feminine substantive denoting the tortoise or turtle in general, terrestrial as well as aquatic. The root s.l.ḥ.f is drawn from an ancient and unidentified language, unrelated to Arabic. Besides this classical term and the synonyms g̲h̲aylam for the male and ṭuwama for the female, dialectal names are encountered according to regions: thus in the Mag̲h̲rib, fakrūn , fakir , afkir , pl. fakāʾir , fakārin derived from the Berber īfakrūn , pl. īfkar , īfkaran ; in Syria and Lebanon, ḳurḳaʿa . I. Species. The order of Chelonians with a …

, ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. ʿAbd al-Salām b. Abi ’l-Ḳāsim b. al-Ḥasan al-Dimas̲h̲ḳī, Sulṭān al-ʿUlamāʾ, Abū Muḥammad, S̲h̲āfiʿī jurist who was born in Damascus in 577/1181-2 (or 578) and died in Cairo 10 D̲j̲umādā I 660/1 April 1262. The scion of a modest family originally from North Africa (al-Isnawī, Ṭabaḳāt al-s̲h̲āfiʿiyya , Beirut 1987, ii, 84), ʿIzz al-Dīn al-Sulamī “the Damascene” was the leading S̲h̲āfiʿī authority of his generation, the majority of biographers attributing to him the status of mud̲j̲tahid , a distinction not often awarded at t…

, Abu ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusayn al-Azdī al-Sulamī al-Naysābūrī, important Ṣūfī hagiographer and Ḳurʾān commentator. He was born at Nīs̲h̲āpūr (Naysābūr) in 325/937 or 330/942 and died in the same city in 412/1021. He belonged to the tribe of the Azd on his father’s side and to that of the Sulaym on his mother’s. When al-Sulamī’s father left Nīs̲h̲āpūr to settle at Mecca, al-Sulamī’s education was entrusted to his maternal grandfather, Abū ʿAmr Ismāʿīl b. Nud̲j̲ayd (d. 366/976-7), who was a disciple of Abū ʿUt̲h̲mān al-Ḥīrī (d. 298/910), a S̲h̲āfiʿī scholar of ḥadīt̲h̲ …

, formerly Celebes [ q.v.], sometimes Selebessi, derived from sula besi, iron knife or kris (?), one of the four biggest islands in Indonesia, stretching from 4° N. to 7° S. and 118° to 126° E. The island consists of four major peninsulas, linked together by a central part. Administratively, it is divided into four provinces: South, Southeast, Central and North Sulawesi. Its population comprises a number of ethnically and linguistically quite different tribes. While the seven tribes of M…

, the generic and proper name of a tribal group in the northern half of the Arabian peninsula and in the adjacent deserts to the north in what are now Jordan, Syria and ʿIrāḳ. Ṣulayb seems to be a diminutive form, as often, found with a contemptuous meaning, sing. Ṣulabī, colloquially Ṣlebī. They are one of the Ḥutaym tribes, often described as pariahs, as also such gypsy groups as the Nawār. For lists of their subsections, their living areas, etc. see Musil, Arabia deserta, 231; French Government in Syria, Les tribus nomades et semi-nomades, 71; von Oppenheim, Die Beduinen , iv, 150; EI 1 art. Ṣul…

, an Ismāʿīlī dynasty ruling over much of the southern highlands and Tihāma [ q.v.] region of the Yemen between the years 439-532/1047-1138 approximately. ¶ 1. History , Firstly, a word should be said about sources. Ismāʿīlī sources have in the past always been difficult of access and we still suffer from their general policy of secrecy in this matter. Still a major source is ʿUmāra’s Taʾrīk̲h̲ al-ϒaman (the author died in 569/1174) and the best edition of it remains Kay’s (see Bibl . below). The work is scarcely ideal, however; the author, writing for th…

, an Arabian tribe, a branch of the so-called Northern Arabian federation of Ḳays ʿAylān [ q.v.]. Its genealogy is given as Sulaym b. Manṣūr b. ʿIkrima b. K̲h̲aṣafa b. Ḳays ʿAylān. The tribe’s territory was in al-Ḥid̲j̲āz [ q.v.]. The ḥarra or basalt desert [see ḥarra. 1] that was once called Ḥarrat Banī Sulaym , and is now called Ḥarrat Ruhāṭ , is roughly located at the centre of their former territory. The Ḥarra was easy to defend because cavalry could not operate in it, and the ḥimā s [ q.v.] or protected pasturing areas of Sulaym were along its eastern and western slopes. The Baṣr…

, S̲h̲āh , Ṣafawid ruler, reigned 1076-1105/1666-94; oldest son and successor of S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās II born to a Circassian mother, Nikāḥat K̲h̲ānum, in December 1647 or January 1648. Originally named Ṣafī Mīrzā, S̲h̲āh Sulaymān was first crowned as Ṣafī II on 30 September 1666, an event preceded by a great deal of court intrigue. Having spent his entire life in the confines of the harem, Ṣafī II was ill prepared for his task as ruler. Once crowned, he threw himself into a life of pleasure, also engaging in many acts of generosity, liberally granting fa…

, the name of a range of mountains running roughly south-north and to the west of the Indus river in modern Pākistān. The Sulaymān rise from the low tract of the Dērad̲j̲āt [ q.v.] which lie along the right bank of the Indus and run, in a series of long, sharp-backed ridges and jagged peaks, from the Bugt́ī and Marī districts of north-east Balūčistān in the south to the Gomal Pass [see gūmāl in Suppl.] and river in the north, thereafter continuing as the Wazīristān hills (i.e. they lie between latitudes 28° 50′ and 32° 20′ N.). It is at the northern end that the hig…

, Mawlāy , Abu ’l-Rabīʿ b. Muḥammad, ʿAlawī sultan of Morocco who reigned from Rad̲j̲ab 1200/March 1792 to 13 Rabīʿ I 1238/28 November 1822. He was the son of Sīdī Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh and his mother belonged originally to the tribe of the Aḥlāf. He spent his youth in Sid̲j̲ilmāsa, and it was he who brought the bayʿa of the inhabitants of this region to his brother Mawlāy al-Yazīd in 1204/1790. On the death of the latter on 20 D̲j̲umādā II 1206/14 February 1792, several of his brothers competed for power, notably Mawlāy His̲h̲ām…

, seventh caliph of the Umayyad dynasty [ q.v.], r. 96-9/715-17, born probably in Medina about 55/675, son of the subsequent caliph ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān [ q.v.] and of Wallāda bt. al-ʿAbbās b. D̲j̲azʾ from the Banū ʿAbs, a tribe considered part of the Northern Arabian confederation of the G̲h̲aṭafān [ q.v.]. There is almost no substantial information on the first three decades of Sulaymān’s life. It is likely that he came to Syria during the initial stage of the Second Civil War (60-73/680-92) in the company of other members of the Marwānid branch [ q.v.] of the Umayyads emigrating thit…

, early ʿAbbāsid prince and uncle of the first ʿAbbāsid caliphs al-Saffāḥ and al-Manṣūr [ q.vv.], d. at Baṣra in D̲j̲umādā II 142/October 759 aged 59 (al-Ṭabarī, iii, 141). He was appointed governor of Baṣra, including also eastern Arabia and western Persia, by al-Saffāḥ in 133/750-1 ( ibid., iii, 73), and remained in this important power base until forced out of the governorship in 139/756. As one of the ʿumūma or paternal uncles, whose position vis-à-vis their nephews the caliphs was ambiguous, Sulaymān sheltered for many years the failed rebel ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī [ q.v.], until ʿAbd All…

[see abū dāʾūd al-sid̲j̲istānī ].

, the biblical King Solomon, is an outstanding personality in Islamic legends. There were, as the Arab histories recount, four great world-rulers, two of whom were infidels, Nimrod and Nebuchadnezzar; and two of whom were believers, Alexander the Great and Solomon. Of these, the last was the most resplendent figure. Special emphasis was placed on his wonderful powers of magic and divination. The most puzzling riddles and the most abstruse subjects were within his ken. Perspicacity and discernment dwelt in h…

, Zaydī kalām theologian from al-Raḳḳa, active in the second ¶ half of the 2nd/8th century. Little is known about his life. He is said to have pledged allegiance to the ʿAlid pretender Yaḥyā b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥasan and participated in debates with His̲h̲ām b. al-Ḥakam [ q.v.], Ḍirār b. ʿAmr [ q.v.], and the Ibāḍī ʿAbd Allāh b. Yazīd in the circle of the Barmakid Yaḥyā b. K̲h̲ālid. In legendary reports he is accused of having poisoned the ʿAlid Idrīs b. ʿAbd Allāh in the Mag̲h̲rib at the instigation of the caliph Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd or of Yaḥyā b. …

, Umayyad caliph of al-Andalus, proclaimed at Cordova in 400/1009, died in 407/1016. The two phases of his reign are located in the period of the Andalusī fitna following the “Revolution of Cordova”, at the time of the serious political crisis which was to lead to the demise of the Umayyad caliphate in 422/1031. When the Cordovans put an end to the ʿĀmirid régime in D̲j̲umādā II-Rad̲j̲ab 399/February-March 1009, and replaced the incompetent caliph His̲h̲ām II with one of his cousins, Muḥammad al-Mahdī, the latter, on account of his political blunde…

(d. 1005/1597), the grandson of Yūsuf b. Sulaymān, the twenty-fourth dāʿī muṭlaḳ of the Mustaʿlī-Ṭayyibī Ismāʿīlīs, was a deputy of Dāwūd b. ʿAd̲j̲abs̲h̲āh (d. 997/1589), the twenty-sixth dāʿī in Muk̲h̲ā [ q.v.], the famous coffee port and a great trade centre on the Red Sea coast of Yaman. Three years after the succession of Dāwūd b. Ḳuṭbs̲h̲āh as the twenty-seventh ¶ dāʿī Sulaymān claimed the succession for himself. The great majority of the community in India upheld the succession of Dāwūd b. Ḳuṭbs̲h̲ah, whereas a minority, mainly in Yaman, accepted Su…

al-K̲h̲uzāʿī, Abū Muḥammad, dāʿī of the Hās̲h̲imiyya in K̲h̲urāsān. He figures as an authority on Yazīd b. al-Muhallab’s campaign in D̲j̲urd̲j̲ān in 98/716-17, and it was perhaps as a member of Yazīd b. al-Muhallab’s army that he left Kūfa for K̲h̲urāsān, where his brother D̲j̲ābir or Ḥārit̲h̲a b. Kat̲h̲īr campaigned against the Turks in 106/724-5, and where his father, Kat̲h̲īr b. Umayya, fell in battle against the Turks as an old man in 119/737 (al-Ṭabarī, ii, 1323, 1480, 1601 [wrongly Kat̲h̲īr Abū Umayya]). Sulaymān himself was min ahl al-dīwān in Marw when…

b. Arslan Isrāʾīl, member of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ family and founder of the sultanate of Rūm (d. 479/1086). His father was killed in 456/1064 during a succession struggle with his kinsman Alp Arslan [ q.v.], and at least four of his sons appear to have escaped eventually to the west (see Cl. Cahen, Qutlumush et ses fils avant l’Asie Mineure , in Isl ., xxxix [1964], 14-27; on the form of the name Ḳutulmi̊s̲h̲, see ibid., 14 n. 1, and M.F. Köprülü, Türk onomastique’i hakkında , in İstanbul Üniv . Edebiyat Fak . Tarih Dergisi , i [1950], 227-30). Sulaymān, the most prominent…

[see al-aʿmas̲h̲ ].