Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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Subject: Middle East And Islamic Studies
The Third Edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam is an entirely new work, which sets out the present state of our knowledge of the Islamic World and reflects the great diversity of current scholarship. It is a unique and invaluable reference tool, an essential key to understanding the world of Islam, and the authoritative source not only for the religion, but also for the believers and the countries in which they live. The new scope includes comprehensive coverage of Islam in the twentieth century and of Muslim minorities all over the world. Subscriptions: see brill.com
Edited by Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Devin J. Stewart.
With Roger Allen, Edith Ambros, Thomas Bauer, Johann Büssow, Carl Davila, Ruth Davis, Ahmed El Shamsy, Maribel Fierro, Najam Haider, Konrad Hirschler, Nico Kaptein, Alexander Knysh, Corinne Lefèvre, Scott Levi, Roman Loimeier, Daniela Meneghini, Negin Nabavi, M'hamed Oualdi, D. Fairchild Ruggles, Ignacio Sánchez, and Ayman Shihadeh.
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The Third Edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam is an entirely new work, which sets out the present state of our knowledge of the Islamic World and reflects the great diversity of current scholarship. It is a unique and invaluable reference tool, an essential key to understanding the world of Islam, and the authoritative source not only for the religion, but also for the believers and the countries in which they live. The new scope includes comprehensive coverage of Islam in the twentieth century and of Muslim minorities all over the world. Subscriptions: see brill.com
Pakubuwana X
(914 words)
Born Radèn Mas Gusti Sayidin Malikul Kusna in 1866, I. S. K. S. (Ingkang Sinuhun Kangjeng Susuhunan)
Pakubuwana (Pakubuwono)
X ruled the Keraton (kingdom or palace) of Surakarta, in what is now Central Java, Indonesia, from 1893 until his death in 1939. His full title was Sampéyan Dalem Ingkang Sinuhun Kangjeng Susuhunan Pakubuwana Sénapati ing Ngalaga Ngabdurrahman Sayidin Panatagama ingkang kaping Sadasa (“His Majesty, the Most Revered King, Axis of the Cosmos, Commander in the Battlefield, Servant of the Most G…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2023-01-04
Paşa
(1,147 words)
The use of
paşa (
pāşā) as an Ottoman title emerged immediately after the reign of Osman I (ʿOthmān I, d. c. 724/1324), contrary to previous honorific designations used for upper dignitaries, such as
emir (emīr), bey (beg), mirimiran (mīrimīrān), and
vezir (
vezīr, vizier). This is probably one of the reasons why its etymology has been a matter of debate. According to Jean Deny, it probably derived from
padişah (
pādishāh, emperor), with the possible influence of
baskak (
bāsqāq, agent, tax collector), as suggested by Gerhard Doerfer. Alternative theories claim that it is a…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
Paul the Persian
(1,013 words)
Paul the Persian (Syr. Paulos Pārsāyā, fl. sixth century C.E.) was the author of two works extant in Syriac on Aristotelian logic. One is dedicated to “King Khusraw,” presumably Khusraw I Anūshirwān (r. 531–79 C.E.), a patron of Greek philosophy. The other was translated from Persian to Syriac by Severus Sebokht (d. 47/666–7). Apart from the dedication to Khusraw, nothing certain is known of Paul’s life. The veracity of late reports (in the fourth/tenth-century
Chronicle of Seert (
Histoire nestorienne inédite), 7/2:147, and in Barhebraeus (d. 685/1286), 3:97–8) that he bel…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-05-25
Peçevi, İbrahim
(1,110 words)
İbrahim Peçevi (İbrāhīm, 982–1059/1574–1649[?]) is one of the most well-known eleventh/seventeenth-century Ottoman historians. He was born in 982/1574 in the southern Hungarian town of Pécs from which he took his name (also found as Peçûyî and Peçûylu, from the Croatian form Peçuy). What little is known of his early life is drawn from brief references in his history (for which see index to
Tarih-i Peçevi, ed. Derin and Çabuk,
“müellif”). As both his great-grandfather Kara Davud (Dāʾūd) and his grandfather Cafer (Caʿfer) Bey served as
alay beyi (provincial cavalry officer), Alaybe…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2022-09-21
Pegon
(1,371 words)
Pegon is a modified form of Arabic script that is used in the Javanese cultural zone for writing Javanese, but also Sundanese, Madurese, and even—though very rarely—Balinese (namely one manuscript kept in Leiden University Library, Cod. Or. 4716). Etymologically, the term derives from the Javanese
pego, meaning “strange” (with respect to pronunciation), whereas the (Javanese) homonymous word
pegon means “foreign” or “strange.” This script has the same adjustments made for writing Malay, known as Jawi, that is, the five consonants of /p/, /c/, /ng/, /n…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-05-25
Persatuan Islam (Persis)
(1,137 words)
The
Persatuan Islam (
Persis, Islamic Union), an Indonesian Islamic educational organisation founded in 1923, concentrated on elucidating Sunnī teachings, Islamic logic, and the use of a simple Indonesian vocabulary. Originating as a study group in Bandung, it evolved into a centre of Islamic propagation
(tablīgh) and later founded a private Islamic school system in West Java. In the 1930s one group of its scholars left for Bangil, in East Java, where a boarding school
(pesantren) and university were established. The Bandung centre always regarded the Sundanese populat…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2023-01-04
Persian grammar
(2,439 words)
Persian grammar can vary, depending on the region and the historical period. The three regional dialects of the Persian language are Fārsī, Darī, and Tājīkī. Historical varieties include early (fourth–fifth/tenth–eleventh), classical (fifth–ninth/eleventh–fifteenth centuries), and modern. 1. Persian grammars and reference works No comprehensive grammatical description of the Persian language exists that includes, on the one hand, its regional variants (Fārsī, Darī, Tājīkī) and historical development and, on the other hand, consistency …
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-07-19
Persian language
(2,594 words)
The
Persian language is spoken and used today as an official or state language in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. In Islamic history and culture, it has played an important role, second only to that of Arabic. It evolved as an Islamic language in fourth/tenth-century Sāmānid Iran, written in a modified Arabic script and capable of expressing the most sophisticated concepts of Islamic civilisation. From the Middle Ages onwards, the eastern parts of the Islamic world were Islamicised from Iran an…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2023-02-24