Encyclopaedia of Judaism
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Subject: Jewish Studies
General Editors: Jacob Neusner, Alan J. Avery-Peck and William Scott Green
The Encyclopaedia of Judaism Online offers more than 200 entries comprising more than 1,000,000 words and is a unique reference tool. The Encyclopaedia of Judaism Online offers an authoritative, comprehensive, and systematic presentation of the current state of scholarship on fundamental issues of Judaism, both past and present. While heavy emphasis is placed on the classical literature of Judaism and its history, the Encyclopaedia of Judaism Online also includes principal entries on circumcision, genetic engineering, homosexuality, intermarriage in American Judaism, and other acutely contemporary issues. Comprehensive and up-to-date, it reflects the highest standards in scholarship. Covering a tradition of nearly four thousand years, some of the most distinguished scholars in the field describe the way of life, history, art, theology, philosophy, and the practices and beliefs of the Jewish people.
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The Encyclopaedia of Judaism Online offers more than 200 entries comprising more than 1,000,000 words and is a unique reference tool. The Encyclopaedia of Judaism Online offers an authoritative, comprehensive, and systematic presentation of the current state of scholarship on fundamental issues of Judaism, both past and present. While heavy emphasis is placed on the classical literature of Judaism and its history, the Encyclopaedia of Judaism Online also includes principal entries on circumcision, genetic engineering, homosexuality, intermarriage in American Judaism, and other acutely contemporary issues. Comprehensive and up-to-date, it reflects the highest standards in scholarship. Covering a tradition of nearly four thousand years, some of the most distinguished scholars in the field describe the way of life, history, art, theology, philosophy, and the practices and beliefs of the Jewish people.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
France, Practice of Judaism in, from De Gaulle to the Present
(3,053 words)
To understand recent developments in French Jewry, we must keep in mind four important events: the French Revolution, the Décret Crémieux that gave French nationality to Algerian Jews, the Holocaust, and the independence of Algeria or, in general, the post-colonization era. The modern period for French Jewry begins in the last decade of the eighteenth century, when,
de jure, the Jews of the kingdom of France received equality of rights. But this new status was, indeed, a matter of law alone, not of practice, as the Jews' integration into the French bou…
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Encyclopaedia of Judaism
France, Practice of Judaism in, from Napoleon to De Gaulle
(9,249 words)
Although Jews had been effectively banished from France from 1394 until 1790, the great purge of Jews in the Iberian peninsula following the
Reconquista sent Portuguese and Spanish marranos fleeing to French coastal towns like Bordeaux or Bayonne, where they maintained their secret identity for generations. 1 The emancipation of the Jews, begun in the Revolution and completed in Napoleon's reign, likewise drew Jews, primarily from the numerous “German” domains to the east. After the loss of Alsace and Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War, nu…
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Encyclopaedia of Judaism
Free Will, Fate, Providence, in Classical Judaism
(7,870 words)
The opposing concepts of free will and determinism (that is, fate) represent contrasting ways of understanding the world in which we live and of comprehending the ability of people to shape that world and to control their place in it. Ileana Marcoulesco defines the doctrines of free will and fate as follows: 1 [B]elief in free will amounts to the conviction that, as individuals, human beings are endowed with the capacity for choice of action, for decision among alternatives, and specifically that, given an innate moral sense, man can freely discer…
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Encyclopaedia of Judaism