Religion Past and Present
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Subject: Religious Studies
Edited by: Hans Dieter Betz, Don S. Browning†, Bernd Janowski and Eberhard Jüngel
Religion Past and Present (RPP) Online is the online version of the updated English translation of the 4th edition of the definitive encyclopedia of religion worldwide: the peerless Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (RGG). This great resource, now at last available in English and Online, Religion Past and Present Online continues the tradition of deep knowledge and authority relied upon by generations of scholars in religious, theological, and biblical studies. Including the latest developments in research, Religion Past and Present Online encompasses a vast range of subjects connected with religion.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
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Religion Past and Present (RPP) Online is the online version of the updated English translation of the 4th edition of the definitive encyclopedia of religion worldwide: the peerless Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (RGG). This great resource, now at last available in English and Online, Religion Past and Present Online continues the tradition of deep knowledge and authority relied upon by generations of scholars in religious, theological, and biblical studies. Including the latest developments in research, Religion Past and Present Online encompasses a vast range of subjects connected with religion.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Registration, Church
(568 words)
[German Version] Today the church registration system in Germany has its legal basis in the federal civil registration law and the supplemental registration laws of the several
Länder. Originally it served only the interests of the security police, making sure that the state could reach any citizen at any time; as the modern social state developed, it became primarily a tool for collecting and recording general personal information. As in the case of the civil registration system, the constitutional right of negative free…
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Religion Past and Present
Regula fidei
(604 words)
[German Version] The expression
regula fidei (Gk κανὼν τῆς πίστεως/
kanṓn tḗs písteōs) appeared as a technical Christian term shortly before 200 ce, in several contexts. ¶ (a) In the controversy over the date of Easter (Paschal/Easter calendrical controversies), it denoted the normative practice of the church (Eusebius of Caesarea
Hist. eccl. V 24.6). (b) Although Irenaeus of Lyon did not use it in his
Adversus haereses (which has eight occurrences of
regula veritatis), it is assumed in his
Epideixis 3. (c) In the work of Clement of Alexandria, it appears only in
Stromata IV 98.3, whe…
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Religion Past and Present
Regular Clergy
(317 words)
[German Version] (
clerici regulares) in the broad sense are clerical members of an order or congregation, in contrast to secular or diocesan clergy (
clerici saeculares); in the Middle Ages and the early modern period, the term was extended to include canons regular. In the narrow sense, the term denotes the members of the new religious orders formed in the 16th and 17th centuries in the name of Catholic reform. They are characterized by life in community based on the counsels of perfection and solemn vows. Instead of r…
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Religion Past and Present
Rehabilitation
(715 words)
[German Version]
I. Social and Ethical Issues Rehabilitation means the totality of all necessary measures to mitigate, eliminate, and permanently prevent a physical or mental impairment. It is intended to prompt positive changes and restore skills and capabilities, or in the case of permanent impairment to achieve adaptation and compensation. The goal of rehabilitation is to restore the ability to lead an independent and self-determined life, taking into account the available resources and competencies…
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Religion Past and Present
Rehoboam
(296 words)
[German Version] Rehoboam, king of Judah (926–910 bce; Kingship [in Israel]), son and successor of Solomon. When he acceded to the throne, the central and northern tribes (Tribes of Israel) exercised their right to speak and demanded that their burden of tribute and forced labor be reduced. When he refused, they announced their separation from the Davidic dynasty and made Jeroboam I king (1 Kgs 12:1–17). This “division of the kingdom” marked the beginning of Israel and Judah as separate states. The invasion of Palestine by the pharaoh Shishak during the reign of Rehoboam aff…
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Religion Past and Present
Reichelt, Karl Ludvig
(169 words)
[German Version] (Sep 1, 1877, Arendal, Norway – Mar 13, 1952, Hong Kong) arrived in 1902 in Hunan, China, as a missionary with the Norwegian Missionary Society (NMS; Norwegian missions). Visiting the Buddhist Weishan monastery in 1905, he made the decision to start a certain Bhuddist mission, at first within the NMS. In 1922 a brotherhome for Buddhist monks was established in Nanking (demolished in 1927). Accused of syncretism, he left NMS in 1926 to be supported by Scandinavian Christian ¶ Missions to Buddhists. In 1931 a brotherhome and center, Tao Fong Shan (TFS), was bu…
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Religion Past and Present
Reichenau
(404 words)
[German Version] Reichenau, the largest island in Lake Constance, is near the city of Constance, a former episcopal see; it takes its name from the former Benedictine abbey in Mittelzell. Tradition has it that Pirmin, an itinerant bishop, founded the abbey in 724. After a personal union with the see of Constance that lasted from c. 736 to 782, under Charlemagne Reichenau joined the ranks of the imperial abbeys; its abbot Waldo (786–806) was one of the most influential of Charlemagne’s paladins as …
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Religion Past and Present
Reichsbruderrat
(66 words)
[German Version] The Reichsbruderrat (“Fraternal Council”) was formed in 1934 as the executive body of the Confessing Church. After several of its members were arrested in 1937, it suspended its meetings until 1945. When the constitution of the Evangelical Church in Germany took effect in 1948, it declared its executive function ended, but it continued to address the public on current issues. Carsten Nicolaisen
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Religion Past and Present
Reichskirche
(1,120 words)
[German Version] The German term
Reichskirche (“imperial church”), scarcely found in historical sources, denotes the post-Constantinian (Constantine the Great) synthesis of civil and ecclesiastical sovereignty in the “Roman Empire,” whose claim of universal dominion made it different from other states. Only in this sense does the term differ from analogous realities in other territories, called state churches, national churches, or regional churches.
I. Imperium Romanum A constitutive element of the Roman imperial church was its attachment to the figure of th…
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Religion Past and Present
Reichskonkordat
(493 words)
[German Version] (Reich concordat), a concordat between the German Reich and the Holy See, signed on Aug 20, 1933, to take effect on Sep 10, 1933. The initiative for the concordat came from the German government, which was prepared to accommodate the wishes of the church in the school question while hoping to “depoliticize” the clergy after the model of the Lateran concordat (Lateran treaties) and thus crush political Catholicism. The theory that prospects for such a concordat played a role in the…
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Religion Past and Present
Reichslieder
(284 words)
[German Version] (“Songs of the Reich”), hymnal of the
Gemeinschaftsbewegung (Community Movement). The first edition (300 hymns) appeared in 1892, edited by Johannes Röschmann. The material was greatly influenced by the Anglo-American revival movement (Revival/Revival movements; I.D. Sankey,
Sacred Songs and Solos). The 1901 edition contained 450 hymns. The edition of 1909 had 654, with more attention to German hymns from the age of Pietism and the 19th century; it was reprinted unchanged in 1924, 1948, 1962, and 1991. A sweeping revis…
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Religion Past and Present
Reichsregiment
(402 words)
[German Version] (“imperial council of regency”). In the context of imperial reform in the German Reich, the estates labored to secure their participation in the imperial government, institutionalized in a
Reichsregiment. Emperor Maximilian I initially opposed the plan but in 1500 had to accede to it. A decree of Jul 2, 1500, established a
Reichsregiment to sit permanently in ¶ Nuremberg and, with the emperor, to exercise the rights of the diet (Reichstag), which met only once a year, and decide all political issues, domestic and foreign. The council had…
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Religion Past and Present
Reichstag
(917 words)
[German Version] (Imperial Diet). As a constitutive institution of the Holy Roman Empire in the early modern period, the
Reichstag emerged in the context of imperial reform in the late 15th century from an amalgamation of two medieval precursors: the
Hoftag or court council, at which the rulers took counsel with the great lords concerning the most important matters affecting the Empire, and the
Königsloser Tag, a diet without the ruler, held during a vacancy or in opposition. The special status of the prince-electors, a product of their special responsibility…
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Religion Past and Present
Reich, Wilhelm
(162 words)
[German Version] (Mar 24, 1897, Dobrianychi, Galicia – Nov 3, 1957, Lewisburg, PA), physician, psychoanalyst, and until 1927 colleague of S. Freud in Vienna. He radicalized Freud’s theories about sex and linked them with ideas from Marxist socialism. After periods in the Soviet Union, Berlin, and Scandinavia, he emigrated to the United States in 1939. He developed “vegetotherapy,” therapy of “muscular armor” or tension, which is both an expression of character tensions and a defense against discha…
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Religion Past and Present
Reid, Thomas
(350 words)
[German Version] (Apr 26, 1710, Strachan, Aberdeenshire – Oct 7, 1797, Glasgow), Scottish philosopher who, like his German contemporary I. Kant, developed his views in response to the idealist/skeptical tradition in early modern philosophy (III, 1). An ordained minister, Reid taught philosophy in Aberdeen and Glasgow. His Common Sense school (Common Sense Realism), which included Dugald Stewart, James Beattie, George Campbell, and others, was influential in Britain, Germany, and America. Reid’s own works fell out of favor in the 1…
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Religion Past and Present
Reihing, Jakob
(218 words)
[German Version] (Jan 6, 1579, Augsburg – May 5, 1628, Tübingen), born to a patrician family, attended the Jesuit college in Augsburg; in Ingolstadt he began studying philosophy in 1594 and theology in 1602. In 1597 he joined the Jesuit order in Landsberg am Lech and was ordained priest in 1604. In 1606 he began lecturing in controversial theology at the Jesuit college in Munich; in 1608 he became professor of philosophy in Ingolstadt. After receiving his doctorate in theology in 1613, he was appo…
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Religion Past and Present
Reik, Theodor
(235 words)
[German Version] (May 12, 1888, Vienna – Dec 31, 1969, New York) studied psychology and Germanic and Romance philology in Vienna, where he became acquainted with S. Freud in 1910. In 1912 he wrote
Die Psychogenese von Flauberts “Versuchung des heiligen Antonius,” the first dissertation written in the spirit of psychoanalysis; in the years that followed, he wrote on the psychology of artists, sexual psychology, and criminal psychology, as well as the psychology of religion. He practiced in Vienna from 1918 to 1928, then in Berlin; in 19…
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Religion Past and Present
Reimarus, Hermann Samuel
(495 words)
[German Version] (Dec 22, 1694, Hamburg – Mar 1, 1768, Hamburg), began studying theology, philosophy, and philology at Jena in 1714 and moved to Wittenberg in 1716, where he received his M.A. in 1717 and was appointed adjunct on the philosophical faculty in 1719. From 1720 to 1722 he took a study trip to Leiden, Oxford, and London. After a brief teaching stint in Wittenberg, he was appointed rector of the municipal school in Wismar and in 1728 (not 1727) professor of Hebrew and Oriental languages …
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Religion Past and Present
Reims
(113 words)
[German Version] Reims, French city of 180,000 in Champagne (Marne), settled by Celts (
Remi); under the Romans, it was the capital of the province of Belgica Secunda. At the end of the 5th century, it was already the site of an episcopal see (Remigius of Reims). In 999 Pope Silvester II granted the bishops of Reims the privilege of crowning the kings of France (until 1825). The 13th-century cathedral of Reims is a noted example of Gothic architecture (Church architecture: I, 2.c). Reims was confirmed as an archbishopric in the concordat of 1817. There has been a university in Reims since 1959. G…
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Religion Past and Present
Reina, Cassiodoro de
(105 words)
[German Version] (c. 1520, Seville [?] – Mar 15, 1594, Frankfurt am Main). On account of his Protestant views, in 1557 he fled from Spain to the Netherlands, England, and finally Frankfurt am Main. From 1559 to 1563 he served as pastor to the Spanish Protestant community in London and from 1578 to 1585 as pastor to the Lutheran community in Antwerp. Later he spent most of his time in Frankfurt. His most important work, a Spanish translation of the Bible, was published in Basel in 1569. Christoph Strohm Bibliography A.G. Kinder,
Cassiodoro de Reina: Spanish Reformer of the 16th Century, 1975
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Religion Past and Present