Religion Past and Present
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Subject: Religious Studies
Edited by: Hans Dieter Betz, Don S. Browning†, Bernd Janowski and Eberhard Jüngel
Religion Past and Present (RPP) Online is the online version of the updated English translation of the 4th edition of the definitive encyclopedia of religion worldwide: the peerless Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (RGG). This great resource, now at last available in English and Online, Religion Past and Present Online continues the tradition of deep knowledge and authority relied upon by generations of scholars in religious, theological, and biblical studies. Including the latest developments in research, Religion Past and Present Online encompasses a vast range of subjects connected with religion.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
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Religion Past and Present (RPP) Online is the online version of the updated English translation of the 4th edition of the definitive encyclopedia of religion worldwide: the peerless Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (RGG). This great resource, now at last available in English and Online, Religion Past and Present Online continues the tradition of deep knowledge and authority relied upon by generations of scholars in religious, theological, and biblical studies. Including the latest developments in research, Religion Past and Present Online encompasses a vast range of subjects connected with religion.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Reichslieder
(284 words)
[German Version] (“Songs of the Reich”), hymnal of the
Gemeinschaftsbewegung (Community Movement). The first edition (300 hymns) appeared in 1892, edited by Johannes Röschmann. The material was greatly influenced by the Anglo-American revival movement (Revival/Revival movements; I.D. Sankey,
Sacred Songs and Solos). The 1901 edition contained 450 hymns. The edition of 1909 had 654, with more attention to German hymns from the age of Pietism and the 19th century; it was reprinted unchanged in 1924, 1948, 1962, and 1991. A sweeping revis…
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Religion Past and Present
Reichsregiment
(402 words)
[German Version] (“imperial council of regency”). In the context of imperial reform in the German Reich, the estates labored to secure their participation in the imperial government, institutionalized in a
Reichsregiment. Emperor Maximilian I initially opposed the plan but in 1500 had to accede to it. A decree of Jul 2, 1500, established a
Reichsregiment to sit permanently in ¶ Nuremberg and, with the emperor, to exercise the rights of the diet (Reichstag), which met only once a year, and decide all political issues, domestic and foreign. The council had…
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Religion Past and Present
Reichstag
(917 words)
[German Version] (Imperial Diet). As a constitutive institution of the Holy Roman Empire in the early modern period, the
Reichstag emerged in the context of imperial reform in the late 15th century from an amalgamation of two medieval precursors: the
Hoftag or court council, at which the rulers took counsel with the great lords concerning the most important matters affecting the Empire, and the
Königsloser Tag, a diet without the ruler, held during a vacancy or in opposition. The special status of the prince-electors, a product of their special responsibility…
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Religion Past and Present
Reich, Wilhelm
(162 words)
[German Version] (Mar 24, 1897, Dobrianychi, Galicia – Nov 3, 1957, Lewisburg, PA), physician, psychoanalyst, and until 1927 colleague of S. Freud in Vienna. He radicalized Freud’s theories about sex and linked them with ideas from Marxist socialism. After periods in the Soviet Union, Berlin, and Scandinavia, he emigrated to the United States in 1939. He developed “vegetotherapy,” therapy of “muscular armor” or tension, which is both an expression of character tensions and a defense against discha…
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Religion Past and Present
Reid, Thomas
(350 words)
[German Version] (Apr 26, 1710, Strachan, Aberdeenshire – Oct 7, 1797, Glasgow), Scottish philosopher who, like his German contemporary I. Kant, developed his views in response to the idealist/skeptical tradition in early modern philosophy (III, 1). An ordained minister, Reid taught philosophy in Aberdeen and Glasgow. His Common Sense school (Common Sense Realism), which included Dugald Stewart, James Beattie, George Campbell, and others, was influential in Britain, Germany, and America. Reid’s own works fell out of favor in the 1…
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Religion Past and Present
Reihing, Jakob
(218 words)
[German Version] (Jan 6, 1579, Augsburg – May 5, 1628, Tübingen), born to a patrician family, attended the Jesuit college in Augsburg; in Ingolstadt he began studying philosophy in 1594 and theology in 1602. In 1597 he joined the Jesuit order in Landsberg am Lech and was ordained priest in 1604. In 1606 he began lecturing in controversial theology at the Jesuit college in Munich; in 1608 he became professor of philosophy in Ingolstadt. After receiving his doctorate in theology in 1613, he was appo…
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Religion Past and Present
Reik, Theodor
(235 words)
[German Version] (May 12, 1888, Vienna – Dec 31, 1969, New York) studied psychology and Germanic and Romance philology in Vienna, where he became acquainted with S. Freud in 1910. In 1912 he wrote
Die Psychogenese von Flauberts “Versuchung des heiligen Antonius,” the first dissertation written in the spirit of psychoanalysis; in the years that followed, he wrote on the psychology of artists, sexual psychology, and criminal psychology, as well as the psychology of religion. He practiced in Vienna from 1918 to 1928, then in Berlin; in 19…
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Religion Past and Present
Reimarus, Hermann Samuel
(495 words)
[German Version] (Dec 22, 1694, Hamburg – Mar 1, 1768, Hamburg), began studying theology, philosophy, and philology at Jena in 1714 and moved to Wittenberg in 1716, where he received his M.A. in 1717 and was appointed adjunct on the philosophical faculty in 1719. From 1720 to 1722 he took a study trip to Leiden, Oxford, and London. After a brief teaching stint in Wittenberg, he was appointed rector of the municipal school in Wismar and in 1728 (not 1727) professor of Hebrew and Oriental languages …
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Religion Past and Present
Reims
(113 words)
[German Version] Reims, French city of 180,000 in Champagne (Marne), settled by Celts (
Remi); under the Romans, it was the capital of the province of Belgica Secunda. At the end of the 5th century, it was already the site of an episcopal see (Remigius of Reims). In 999 Pope Silvester II granted the bishops of Reims the privilege of crowning the kings of France (until 1825). The 13th-century cathedral of Reims is a noted example of Gothic architecture (Church architecture: I, 2.c). Reims was confirmed as an archbishopric in the concordat of 1817. There has been a university in Reims since 1959. G…
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Religion Past and Present
Reina, Cassiodoro de
(105 words)
[German Version] (c. 1520, Seville [?] – Mar 15, 1594, Frankfurt am Main). On account of his Protestant views, in 1557 he fled from Spain to the Netherlands, England, and finally Frankfurt am Main. From 1559 to 1563 he served as pastor to the Spanish Protestant community in London and from 1578 to 1585 as pastor to the Lutheran community in Antwerp. Later he spent most of his time in Frankfurt. His most important work, a Spanish translation of the Bible, was published in Basel in 1569. Christoph Strohm Bibliography A.G. Kinder,
Cassiodoro de Reina: Spanish Reformer of the 16th Century, 1975
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Religion Past and Present
Reinach, Salomon
(180 words)
[German Version] (Aug 29, 1858, Saint-Germain-en-Laye – Nov 4, 1932, Paris), French art historian and archaeologist, specializing in the classical world; cofounder of the iconological method (
Cultes, mythes et réligions, vol. I, 1905; ET [selections]:
Cults, Myths and Religions, 1912). The second son of a banking family, he was interested in ancient Greek civilization and art history in general. From 1902 he served as director of the Musée des Antiquités Nationales; in the same year he was also appointed to a chair (
Professeur de numismatique) at the Collège de France. His scho…
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Religion Past and Present
Reinald of Dassel
(222 words)
[German Version] (c. 1120 – Aug 14, 1167, in the camp of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa outside Rome), son of Count Reinold of Dassel of Lower Saxony, archbishop of Cologne 1159–1167. After studying at the cathedral school in Hildesheim and probably in Paris, before 1156 he became incumbent of priories in Hildesheim, Goslar, Münster, Maastricht, and Xanten. In 1156 Emperor Frederick Barbarossa appointed him chancellor. In 1159, on the emperor’s initiative, he was elected archbishop of Cologne. In 11…
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Religion Past and Present
Reinbeck, Johann Gustav
(271 words)
[German Version] ( Jan 25, 1683, Celle – Aug 21, 1741, Schönwald bei Berlin), Lutheran theologian. After beginning his studies at Halle in 1700 with P. Anton and J.J. Breithaupt, he became a disciple ¶ of J.F. Buddeus and later of C. Wolff. In 1709 he became an adjunct to J. Porst in Berlin, where he was ordained to preach in 1710. In 1717 he was appointed provost of Berlin-Cölln and made a consistorial councilor. In making the transition from Pietism to the early Enlightenment, Reinbeck became one of the forerunners of Enlighte…
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Religion Past and Present
Reincarnation
(1,423 words)
[German Version]
I. The word
reincarnation, like the similar expression transmigration of souls (I), from which it is generally not distinguished, refers to various notions of how a person’s soul or spirit may be reembodied for a new life (or series of lives) on earth. A possible terminological distinction might be made between transmigration and reincarnation by restricting
reincarnation primarily to the modern Western variant first proposed by G.E. Lessing (
Die Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts, 1780, §§94ff.; ET:
The Education of the Human Race, 1858), but a certain overla…
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Religion Past and Present
Rein, Conrad
(115 words)
[German Version] (Rain; c. 1475 – before Dec 3, 1522, Copenhagen?), composer. Rein, who came from Arnstadt, served from 1502 to 1515 as rector of the Holy Spirit hospice school in Nuremberg, where he was ordained to the priesthood in 1507. Later he was a singer and probably the first director of the Danish court singers in Copenhagen (Denmark). With his compositions, of which more than 20 survive, he made a distinct contribution to the development of mass and motet composition in the early 16th century. Friedhelm Brusniak Bibliography F. Brusniak,
Conrad Rein, 1980 (Ger.)
idem, “Zur Ident…
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Religion Past and Present
Reinhard, Franz Volkmar
(121 words)
[German Version] (Mar 12, 1753, Vohenstrauß, Upper Palatinate – Sep 6, 1812, Dresden). In 1792 Reinhard was called from Wittenberg to serve as senior preacher to the court at Dresden; there he developed into the most celebrated pulpit orator of the Enlightenment. Theologically a supranaturalist, philosophically a Wolffian (C. Wolff), politically an opponent of the French Revolution, Napoleon, and emergent liberalism, he sought to improve those who heard him religiously and morally. His star waned with the dawn of the revival movement. Christian-Erdmann Schott Bibliography E. Bay…
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Religion Past and Present
Reinhold, Karl Leonhard
(221 words)
[German Version] (Oct 26, 1757, Vienna – Apr 10, 1823, Kiel), trained by the Jesuits to teach philosophy, Reinhold joined the Illuminati in 1783; in 1784 he and C.M. Wieland began publishing
Der Teutsche Merkur. In the same year, he converted to Protestantism. With his eight
Briefe über die Kantische Philosophie (1786;
Letters on the Kantian Philosophy, 2006), he succeeded in becoming the pioneer of post-Kantian systematic philosophy in Germany. Appointed professor of philosophy in Jena in 1787, in his system of “Elementary Philosophy” he sought to s…
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Religion Past and Present
Reinkens, Joseph Hubert
(380 words)
[German Version] (Mar 1, 1821, Burtscheid, near Aachen – Jan 4, 1896, Bonn), church historian and in 1873 the first bishop of the German Old Catholics. He studied theology, philosophy, and classical philology in Bonn, then attended seminary in Cologne. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1848 and received his doctorate at Munich in 1849. Because of his association ¶ with the circle surrounding A. Günther in Bonn, Archbishop J. v. Geissel prevented him from receiving his
Habilitation there; he finally received it in 1850 at Breslau (Wrocław), where he then taught as a lec…
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Religion Past and Present
Reinking, Dietrich
(292 words)
[German Version] (Reinkingk, since 1650: v. Reinking; Mar 10, 1590, Windau, Courland [today Ventspils, Latvia] – Dec 15, 1664, Glückstadt), outstanding Lutheran politician and scholar of constitutional law. After occupying a chair at Giessen, from 1618 he held high offices of state in Hesse-Darmstadt, Mecklenburg, archepiscopal Bremen (representing the archdiocese at the 1648 peace negotiations in Osnabrück), and Denmark. His most important academic work,
Tractatus de regimine seculari et ecclesiastico (1619, 71717), characterizes the Empire as a monarchy of the em…
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Religion Past and Present
Rein, Wilhelm
(198 words)
[German Version] (Aug 10, 1847, Eisenach – Feb 19, 1929, Jena). After studying Protestant theology and educational theory, Rein taught in Barmen and Weimar before becoming director of the teachers’ seminary in Eisenach. After his appointment as honorary professor at Jena in 1886 (made full professor in 1912), he became a central figure in university training of teachers in the Empire. He worked within the pedagogical tradition of J.F. Herbart’s disciples (“Herbartians”). The core of his educationa…
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Religion Past and Present