Religion Past and Present
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Subject: Religious Studies
Edited by: Hans Dieter Betz, Don S. Browning†, Bernd Janowski and Eberhard Jüngel
Religion Past and Present (RPP) Online is the online version of the updated English translation of the 4th edition of the definitive encyclopedia of religion worldwide: the peerless Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (RGG). This great resource, now at last available in English and Online, Religion Past and Present Online continues the tradition of deep knowledge and authority relied upon by generations of scholars in religious, theological, and biblical studies. Including the latest developments in research, Religion Past and Present Online encompasses a vast range of subjects connected with religion.
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Religion Past and Present (RPP) Online is the online version of the updated English translation of the 4th edition of the definitive encyclopedia of religion worldwide: the peerless Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (RGG). This great resource, now at last available in English and Online, Religion Past and Present Online continues the tradition of deep knowledge and authority relied upon by generations of scholars in religious, theological, and biblical studies. Including the latest developments in research, Religion Past and Present Online encompasses a vast range of subjects connected with religion.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Schneider, Eulogius (Johann Georg)
(262 words)
[German Version] (Oct 20, 1756, Wipfeld am Main – Apr 1, 1794, Paris). Baptized ¶ Johann Georg, Schneider took the name Eulogius when he became a professed Franciscan in 1778. On the feast of St. Catherine in 1785, he delivered a sermon in Augsburg that breathed an anti-Jesuit, irenic spirit. In 1786 he escaped the resulting hostility through an appointment at the court of the Catholic duke Karl Eugen of Württemberg. All too candid criticism lost him the duke’s favor, but in 1789 he was appointed professor of …
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Religion Past and Present
Schneider, Johannes
(180 words)
[German Version] (Jul 7, 1857, Höxter an der Weser – Aug 12, 1930, Höxter), Protestant theologian and pastor. Schneider served as a pastor in Warburg (1882–1883), Lichtenau (1883–1891), and Elberfeld (1891–1917). In 1894 he succeeded his father as editor of the
Kirchliches Jahrbuch, founded in 1873. In 1918 he was employed by the office of church statistics of the Protestant High Consistory in Berlin; in 1922 he was made an honorary professor of church studies at the University of Berlin. In 1923 he was appointed head of the office of c…
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Religion Past and Present
Schneider, Paul
(179 words)
[German Version] (Aug 29, 1897, Pferdsfeld im Hunsrück – Jul 18, 1939, Buchenwald concentration camp). From 1915 to 1918, Schneider fought as a volunteer in World War I. From 1919 to 1922, he studied theology at Giessen, Marburg, and Tübingen; in 1926 he was appointed pastor in Hochelheim. In 1934, at the instigation of the National Socialists, he was transferred to a pastorate in Dieckenschied (Hunsrück). After initial approval of the Nazi takeover, he publicly criticized the church policies of t…
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Religion Past and Present
Schneider, Reinhold
(563 words)
[German Version] (May 13, 1903, Baden-Baden – Apr 6, 1958, Freiburg im Breisgau), writer and philosopher of history, and a central figure in the Christian resistance to National Socialism. Already in his youth, he showed signs of an innate melancholy, a feeling of homelessness in the world, and a personal sense of impending death that were to characterize his writing. After bad career choices, in 1926 he was inspired by reading the existential philosopher Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936), whose conce…
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Religion Past and Present
Schneller, Johann Ludwig
(175 words)
[German Version] (Jan 15, 1820, Erpfingen – Oct 18, 1896, Jerusalem), missionary and educator associated with the revival movement (Revival/Revival movements) in southern Germany. After working with orphans and released convicts in his home area, in 1847 he was appointed housefather of the St. Chrischona missionary institution near Basel. In 1854 C.F. Spittler sent him at the head of a delegation to Jerusalem, intended to pave the way for an Abyssinian mission. The plan miscarried but Schneller re…
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Religion Past and Present
Schnepf (Schnepff), Erhard
(320 words)
[German Version] (Dec 15, 1495, Heilbronn – Nov 1, 1558, Jena), began his studies in 1509 in Erfurt, then went to Heidelberg in 1511; after receiving his M.A. in 1513, he studied theology (Bacc.theol. 1518) and then law. It is likely that he was a participant in Luther’s Heidelberg disputation in 1518. In 1520 he was appointed to a position in Weinsberg but was expelled in 1522 for his Lutheran leanings. He was given refuge by Dietrich v. Gemmingen at Castle Guttenberg on the Neckar and in 1524 wa…
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Religion Past and Present
Schniewind, Julius
(208 words)
[German Version] (May 28, 1883, Elberfeld – Sep 7, 1948, Halle), New Testament scholar. Schniewind received his Lic.theol. from Halle in 1910; in 1914 he lectured there and in 1921 was appointed associate professor. In 1927 he was appointed full professor at Greifswald and in 1929 at Königsberg (Kaliningrad). For disciplinary reasons he was transferred in 1935 to Kiel and in 1936 to Halle. In 1937 he was put on administrative leave for political reasons, but he was permitted to teach once more in 1938. In 1945 he was restored to his full professorship and also appointed provost of ¶ Halle-Mers…
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Religion Past and Present
Schnitzler, Arthur
(178 words)
[German Version] (May 15, 1862, Vienna – Oct 21, 1931, Vienna), came from a cultured middle-class Jewish family. After studying medicine, he found his first literary inspiration in the Young Vienna group, whose spokesman was Hermann Bahr, but he dissociated himself from the group’s Impressionistic literature and decadence. In
Anatol (1893; ET:
Anatol, 1982), his first work, he created the stock character of the “frivolous melancholic,” which was taken as the author’s self-portrait. The protagonist’s inability to make decisions and communicate, wh…
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Religion Past and Present
Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Julius
(157 words)
[German Version] (Mar 26, 1794, Leipzig – May 24, 1872, Dresden), painter and illustrator associated with German Romanticism. From 1811 to 1815, he studied at the Vienna Academy. In 1818 he joined the circle of the Nazarenes (IV) in Rome, though he did not convert to Catholicism. From 1822 to 1827, he created frescoes illustrating Ariosto in the Casino Massimo. Ludwig I called him to the Munich Academy. Between 1831 and 1867, he created a cycle illustrating the
Nibelungenlied in the Bavarian palace. Beginning in 1835, he also painted scenes from the lives of the German em…
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Religion Past and Present
Schöberlein, Ludwig Friedrich
(149 words)
[German Version] (Sep 6, 1819, Kolmberg, near Ansbach – Jul 8, 1881, Göttingen), theologian and liturgiologist. In 1841 he began teaching as a lecturer in Erlangen; he was appointed associate professor in Heidelberg in 1850. He became a full professor in Göttingen in 1855. He was appointed consistorial counselor in 1862; in 1878 he was made abbot of Bursfelde. He was a member of the hymnal commission of the regional church of Hannover and a co-founder of
Siona, a monthly journal devoted to liturgy and church music. His collection of sources for church music comprehensive…
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Religion Past and Present
Schoen, Paul
(135 words)
[German Version] (May 16, 1867, Königsberg [Kaliningrad] – Sep 21, 1941, Göttingen), Protestant jurisprudent. He was appointed associate professor at Jena in 1896 and a full professor in 1900; in the same year he was appointed to a full professorship in Göttingen. Besides numerous works on public law, he wrote a major two-volume
Das evangelische Kirchenrecht in Preußen (1903–1910, repr. 1967), discussing church law in Prussia without reference to its theological dimension or ecclesiastical politics, developing instead its parallelism with state and co…
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Religion Past and Present
Schoeps, Hans-Joachim
(169 words)
[German Version] (Jan 20, 1909, Berlin – Jul 8, 1980, Erlangen), Jewish philosopher of religion and historian. He received his doctorate in Jewish philosophy of religion from Leipzig in 1932 under J. Wach. In 1933 Schoeps supported a synthesis of German nationalism and Jewish religion by founding the Deutsche Vortruppe, a group in the spirit of the German youth movement opposed to “assimilationists and Zionists.” Late in 1938 he emigrated to Sweden, but he returned to Germany in 1946 and taught fo…
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Religion Past and Present
Schöffel, Simon
(183 words)
[German Version] (Oct 22, 1880, Nuremberg – May 28, 1959, Hamburg), Dr.phil. He was appointed pastor in Schweinfurt in 1909 and dean in 1920. In 1921 he was appointed senior pastor in Hamburg; in May of 1933 he became regional bishop of Hamburg. In the same year, he became a member of the Interim Leadership and then Lutheran theologian in the Geistliches Ministerium of the German Evangelical Church. A firm believer in Lutheran ideas of order and ethnic ideology, Schöffel fully supported the totali…
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Religion Past and Present
Scholasticism
(2,856 words)
[German Version]
I. Terminology and Assessment Ever since the emergence of medieval studies in the 19th century, the noun
Scholasticism has been used as a collective term for a particular kind of scholarly method, especially in medieval philosophy (II) and theology. The adjective
scholastic, on which it is based, has a history going back to Aristotle (
Politica, Ethica Nicomachea). The focus of Greek σχολαστικός and Latin
scholasticus on the realm of academic instruction (“related to schools,” “educated,” etc.), central to the modern use of
scholasticism, had already taken place…
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Religion Past and Present
Scholem, Gershom Gerhard
(344 words)
[German Version] (orig. Gerhard; Dec 5, 1897, Berlin – Feb 20, 1982, Jerusalem), the most important scholar in Jewish studies in the 20th century and the founder of the scholarly study of the Kabbalah. He was born to an assimilated Jewish family. In his youth he devoted himself to Zionism, associated with M. Buber and began to learn Hebrew, taking lessons in Talmud. One of his early friends was W. Benjamin; their friendship lasted till Benjamin’s death in 1940. Scholem decided to write his Ph.D. on the
Book of Sefer ha- Bahir, which he identified as the earliest work of the Kabbalah …
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Religion Past and Present
Scholium
(164 words)
[German Version] Scholium, from Greek σχόλιον/
schólion, an explanatory comment on a section of text needing elucidation. As a rule, it consists of a lemma, i.e. a brief reference to the section, and the interpretament, i.e. the explanation itself. Scholia are usually part of a commentary, i.e. a continuous scholarly explanation of a text, which consists, as it were, of multiple scholia strung together. In the Alexandrinian period, text and commentary were published separately; only with the spread of…
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Religion Past and Present
Scholl, Hans and Sophie
(309 words)
[German Version] (Hans: Sep 22, 1918, Ingersheim; Sophie: May 9, 1921, Forchtenberg – Feb 22, 1932, executed at Munich-Stadelheim prison), leading figures in the White Rose resistance movement (Resistance to National Socialism). After initial enthusiasm for National Socialism, they became active members of the Bündische Jugend, leading to Hans’s first arrest in 1937. Brought up in a middle-class liberal Protestant family, they sought out contacts with the reforming Catholics Karl Muth and T. Haecker; coupled with their exposure to the
Renouveau catholique (France, Theology i…
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Religion Past and Present
Scholten, Johannes Henricus
(153 words)
[German Version] (Aug 17, 1811, Vleuten, near Utrecht – Apr 10, 1885, Leiden), preacher in Meerkerk in 1840, professor in Franeker in 1840, associate professor of New Testament and dogmatics in Leiden in 1843, promoted to full professor in 1845; from 1877 professor of the philosophy of religion. Influenced by the Tübingen (I) school, Scholten wrote topical studies on the history of early Christian literature, putting historical-critical insights to use for apologetic purposes. More important for t…
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Religion Past and Present
Scholz, Heinrich
(251 words)
[German Version] (Dec 17, 1884, Berlin – Dec 30, 1956, Münster). From 1903 to 1907, Scholz studied theology and philosophy in Berlin under A. v. Harnack and Alois Riehl (1844–1924). From 1917 to 1919 he was professor of philosophy of religion and systematic theology at Breslau (Wrocław), from 1919 to 1928 professor of philosophy in Kiel and after 1928 in Münster. In 1943 his chair of philosophy was changed to a chair of mathematical logic. He claimed that his discovery of B. Russell’s and A.N. Whitehead’s
Principia Mathematica (1910–1913) changed his life decisively. The second ed…
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Religion Past and Present
Schönberg, Arnold
(380 words)
[German Version] (Sep 13, 1874, Vienna – Jul 13, 1951, Los Angeles). As a composer, theorist, and teacher, Schönberg had an almost revolutionary impact on musical composition and theory in the 20th century. Around 1909 he broke with the tonality that for centuries had provided a structural frame of reference for music. In the 1920s, he developed instead a system of “composition using 12 tones related only to each other” (dodecaphony), a different form of musical organization generated from tone se…
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Religion Past and Present
Schönstatt Movement
(247 words)
[German Version] This movement of spiritual renewal emerged in 1914 from the educational work of Father J. Kentenich at the seminary of the Pallottines in Schönstatt (today a district in Vallendar am Rhein); it became independent in 1964. It seeks to provide support for a humane Christian life in a pluralistic society, through a spirituality and teaching ministry emphasizing the biblical notion of a covenant (V), pursuit of “everyday holiness,” and an apostolic mindset. Its goal is ultimately to t…
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Religion Past and Present
School and Church
(1,047 words)
[German Version] The relationship between school and church reflects the relationship between church and state and current views in education or educational theory (Education, Theory of) and religion or theology – it is therefore subject to change and is subject to different regulations in different countries. In antiquity there were no schools for Christian children. The earliest emerged in monasteries, which – as the
Prologus Regulae Benedicti (45) states – could be thought of as
dominici scola servitii. Over time – initiated by the ¶ offering of children as oblates (I) – mona…
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Religion Past and Present
School Bible
(801 words)
[German Version] A school Bible is a Bible (V, 2) edition prepared for use in schools, replacing the complete Bible in the classroom. Any school Bible must include a variety of biblical content, remembering that it is designed for students studying in school. There are a large number of school Bibles under such titles (in German) as
Bible Selections, Student Bible, Bible Stories, or
Readings from the Bible; the variety is such that a selective definition is difficult. The various school Bibles run the gamut from maximum fidelity to the complete Bible to free re…
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Religion Past and Present
School Bible Club
(181 words)
[German Version] The
Bibelkränzchen in Elberfeld, established in 1883 (Bible study: II), was the first German school Bible club; it inspired similar student clubs in secondary schools throughout Germany. Clubs for women were a parallel development. Their focus was on Pietistic Bible study, along with games, singing, and hiking. After World War I, the
Jugendbewegung led to conflicts within the clubs. In 1928 the Bund deutscher Bibelkreise, an umbrella organization, was formed. In 1933/1934, its leadership resisted being absorbed into the Hitler Yout…
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Religion Past and Present
School Legislation
(1,060 words)
[German Version] In the 18th century, the school system in Germany, previously treated as the domain of the church, gradually came under state control. The end of this process was marked by article 144 of the Weimar Constitution: the first clause of the first sentence placed all schooling under state supervision. This statement is repeated in Basic Law art. 7 §1. Originally this language barred all school supervision except that of the state, specifically precluding supervision by the church. Toda…
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Religion Past and Present
School Life
(449 words)
[German Version] In everyday language,
school life is a somewhat vague catch-all term for the social and academic life of a school. Recent years have seen a consensus in educational science that views school life as a field in its own right, which can be shaped intentionally by a reasoned concept of education. This approach rejects the narrow definition of school life that deals only with ¶ isolated elements (e.g. festivals) and sees school life as a separate area, losing the unity of instruction and education that is central to schools; it also rejects an extr…
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Religion Past and Present
School of World Mission
(157 words)
[German Version] (SWM), renamed in 2003 as School of Intercultural Studies. The SWM, Pasadena, California, was founded in 1965 with Donald A. McGavran as the first dean. At a time when mission studies were being discontinued by North American theological faculties, McGavran developed a program of ¶ research and writing about Church Growth (Church Growth movement) using social science methods. Initially, SWM offered only a master’s degree geared to the needs of mid-career missionaries (Missionary training). By the 1970s, SWM was attracting a …
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Religion Past and Present
School Prayers
(630 words)
[German Version]
I. Practical Theology The term
school prayers refers primarily to prayers at the beginning or end of the school day or during breaks, along with prayers during religious education classes. In German public schools today – unlike the period of the denominational primary schools (into the 1960s) and also unlike in England, for example – such prayers are a marginal phenomenon. Scattered attempts to reintroduced school prayers like that of the Bavarian government in 1987 (Kaufmann, 32–38) e…
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Religion Past and Present
School Program
(379 words)
[German Version] Evolution as a process of continuous change in the instruction and organization of a school is inherent the self-conception of modern schools. In this process, schools respond to social change, incorporating advances in pedagogical theory and getting the best out of individual teachers as they reflect on their own professional experience. School programs characterize the latest phase of this process. They also incorporate significant findings of earlier periods of school development. Today’s concept of a program was ¶ anticipated in the 19th century in the …
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Religion Past and Present
School Reform
(761 words)
[German Version] The term
school reform, or more broadly
educational reform, is often limited to particular epochs, like the ambitious reforms of the 1960s. In fact the history of school reform goes back as far as the history of schools and the critique of schools: schools can and should get constantly better and are therefore permanently subject to reform. In school reform, currently age’s dominant notions of culture and education (Education/Formation) and of the life of individuals and society come to t…
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Religion Past and Present
School Sisters
(488 words)
[German Version] in the broad sense are members of the many orders and congregations of women whose primary apostolate is in the field of education and teaching; in the narrower sense, the term denotes sisters of the communities whose names reflect their teaching ministry.
I. Sisters of the Christian Schools of Mercy (Soeurs des Écoles chrétiennes de la Misericorde, Sisters of St. Mary Magdalene Postel, SMMP), founded in Cherbourg (Normandy) in 1807 by Julie Postel (St.; 1756–1846), a teacher, to educate the rural population. The first Ge…
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Religion Past and Present
Schools of Theology
(11 words)
[German Version] Faculties and Schools of Theology
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Religion Past and Present
School Worship/Devotions
(615 words)
[German Version] The terms
school worship and
school devotions (in Catholic contexts also
school mass) denote extracurricular school activities of a liturgical or religious nature in school or municipal spaces, directed toward everyone connected with the school (not just students but teachers, other staff, and parents or relatives) or specific groups of students (e.g. a particular grade). A cooperating religious organization or a religion teacher at the school rather than the school itself is responsible for …
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Religion Past and Present
Schopenhauer, Arthur
(1,151 words)
[German Version] (Feb 22, 1788, Danzig [Gdańsk] – Sep 21, 1860, Frankfurt am Main). Schopenhauer’s philosophy is a metaphysics of the will grounded in pessimism (Optimism and pessimism: II). Historically and systematically, it was a transitional philosophy: its understanding of the totality of our lived reality on the basis of the monistic principle of the will kept it linked to the great systematic designs of Idealism (System: I). At the same time, as a forerunner of psychoanalysis and vitalism (…
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Religion Past and Present
Schop, Johann
(91 words)
[German Version] (the Elder; c. 1590 – 1667, Hamburg), composer and renowned violinist; member of court orchestras in Wolfenbüttel and Copenhagen. From 1621 on he served as director of the
Ratsmusik, violinist, and organist in Hamburg. He composed many hymn tunes, some to texts by J. Rist. Wolfgang Herbst Bibliography R. Eitner,
ADB 32, 1891, 329–331 K. Stephenson,
Johann Schop, 1925 (Ger.) S. Fornaçon, “Johann Schop,”
Der Kirchenmusiker 6, 1955, 101–106 K. Stephenson,
MGG XII, 1965, 40–43 S. Fillies-Reuter,
BBKL IX, 1995, 763 C. Albrecht,
HdbEG II, 22001, 281.
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Religion Past and Present
Schoppe, Casper
(167 words)
[German Version] (Jun 26, 1576, Pappenberg – Oct 18 1649, Padua), polymath, late Humanist, philologist, controversial theologian, jurisprudent, and politician. The son of a Protestant pastor, he converted to Catholicism in Prague in 1598. In Rome from 1598 to 1607, he cultivated ties with the pope and the Curia. He was sent on several diplomatic missions in Germany and Italy on behalf of the Habsburgs, the Wittelsbachs, and the Curia. He wrote polemics against various ¶ schools of Protestantism. Around 1630, after the emperor’s victory in the Thirty Years War, Schoppe …
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Religion Past and Present
Schortinghuis, Willem
(178 words)
[German Version] (Feb 23, 1700, Winschoten – Nov 20, 1750, Midwolda). After studying in Groningen, in 1723 Schortinghuis was appointed pastor in Weener (East Frisia), where he became an adherent of the Reformed Pietism dominant there. After 1734 he served as pastor in the village of Midwolda. He expressed his Pietist views in 1740 in his
Het innige Christendom (“Internal Christianity”), which discusses the contrast between literalist belief and grasping the truth through inner experience. This work, in which Schortinghuis refers to J. van Lodenstein an…
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Religion Past and Present
Schott, Anselm
(171 words)
[German Version] (Sep 5, 1843, Staufeneck, near Saalach, Württemberg – Apr 23, 1896, Marria Laach), Benedictine from the archabbey of Beuron. His name is associated with a widely used prayer book, reprinted many times since its initial publication in 1884, which presented the most important Catholic liturgical book, the Missal, in German, “adapted for lay use,” to be read alongside the Latin liturgy. Thanks to its publisher, the title
Schott received trademark protection in 1928, creating a kind of monopoly as a prayer book for the mass. It aroused a greater unde…
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Religion Past and Present
Schott, Heinrich August
(145 words)
[German Version] (May 12, 1780, Leipzig – Dec 29, 1835, Jena). After studying in Leipzig, Schott was appointed associate professor there in 1808; he served as a full professor in Wittenberg from 1809 to 1812 and in Jena after 1812. An advocate of moderate supernaturalism, he rejected I. Kant’s criticism of rhetoric, arguing that just as prose is addressed to cognition and poetry to feeling, so rhetoric is addressed to the will. Homiletics, a special kind of rhetoric, is distinguished from it by it…
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Religion Past and Present
Schrautenbach, Ludwig Carl, Baron of
(187 words)
[German Version] (Feb 18, 1724, Darmstadt – Aug 12, 1783, Stade, near Lindheim), son of Carl Ernst v. Schrautenbach, governing councilor of Hesse-Darmstadt, and Rebecca v. Oeynhausen, hereditary lady of Lindheim. Beginning in 1737, he was educated in Jena with C.R. v. Zinzendorf and Carl v. Schachmann and then in the seminary of the Moravians. He was a colleague of N. v. Zinzendorf; in 1748 he was sent to England, deputized to negotiate withParliament for recognition of the Bohemian and Moravian B…
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Religion Past and Present
Schreiner, Helmuth Moritz
(273 words)
[German Version] (Mar 2, 1893, Dillenburg – Apr 28, 1962, Münster). In 1921, Schreiner was appointed head of Hamburg City Mission and in 1926 head of the Johannesstift in Berlin-Spandau, engaging in charitable and socio-pedagogical work in the spirit of J.H. Wichern. There he also joined with Carl Gunther Schweitzer to head the Apologetic Center of the Inland Mission, which was forced to close in 1937 for attacking A. Rosenberg’s
Mythos des 20. Jahrhunderts ¶ (ET:
The Myth of the Twentieth Century, 1982; W. Künneth; Schreiner, “Die Überwindung... / Das Ende des Mythus,”
ZW, 12, 1935, 19…
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Religion Past and Present
Schrempf, Christoph
(492 words)
[German Version] (Apr 28, 1860, Besigheim, Württemberg – Feb 13, 1944, Stuttgart). Brought up in Pietist tradition as a student, Schrempf was plunged into a crisis of faith by the biblical criticism of K.H. v. Weizsäcker. As a pastor in Leuzendorf, his scruples regarding the official creed grew so strong that in 1891, citing Matt 6:33, he replaced the Apostles’ Creed at baptism with a simple baptismal question of his own composition. When he called attention to this change during an official visit…
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Religion Past and Present
Schrenk, Elias
(177 words)
[German Version] (Sep 19, 1831, Hausen, Württemberg – Oct 21, 1913, Bethel), missionary and evangelist. After working as a merchant, in 1854 Schrenk entered the missionary house at Basel (Basel Mission). In 1859 he was sent to the mission field of the Gold Coast in West Africa. Health issues forced him to leave Africa in 1872. In 1874/1875 he was inspired by D.L. Moody and I.D. Sankey to begin an evangelistic ministry. As an itinerant evangelist for the Basel Mission, he worked in the Hessian Comm…
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Religion Past and Present
Schröckh, Johann Matthias
(162 words)
[German Version] (Jul 26, 1733, Vienna – Aug 1, 1808, Wittenberg), studied theology ain Göttingen and Leipzig with J.L. v. Mosheim, J.D. Michaelis, and J.A. Ernesti. In 1762 he was appointed to a chair on the philosophy faculty at Leipzig. In 1767 he was appointed professor of poetry at Wittenberg; from 1775 until his death, he occupied the chair of history there. Schröckh lectured and wrote about universal history, church history, the history of scholarship, literary history, political history, i…
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Religion Past and Present
Schröder, Joachim
(120 words)
[German Version] (Mar 9, 1613, Freudenberg, near Ribnitz – Jun 1, 1677, Rostock), preacher from 1637 at the hospice church of St. George in Rostock, retired for health reasons in 1668. With his colleagues J. Quistorp the Younger, H. Müller, and T. Großgebauer, Schröder supported the program of church reform espoused by Lutheran orthodoxy (II, 2.a) in Rostock. He was not their equal as a theologian, but wrote prolifically demanding strict church discipline and personal sanctification. He attacked p…
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Religion Past and Present
Schröder, Johann Heinrich
(96 words)
[German Version] (Oct 4, 1666, Hallerspringe – Jun 30, 1699, Meseberg, near Magdeburg), Protestant hymnodist. He studied in Leipzig, where he had contact with A.H. Francke, and was a pastor in Meseberg from 1696. According to J.A. Freylinghausen (1704), author of five hymns included in Halle hymnals after 1695. Although criticized in 1716 as “chiliastic,” his “Jesu, hilf siegen” became very popular in the 18th century. The
Evangelisches Gesangbuch includes it (373) as well as his “Eins ist not” (386). Barbara Lange Bibliography
ADB 32, 1891, 518f. G.A. Krieg,
HdbEG II, 1999, 282.
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Religion Past and Present
Schröder, Rudolf Alexander
(421 words)
[German Version] Jan 26, 1878, Bremen – Aug 22, 1962, Bad Wiessee), a talented autodidact from a patrician merchant family in Bremen, went to Munich ¶ in 1897 to study architecture and music. At the age of 21, he joined with Alfred Walter Heymel and Otto Julius Bierbaum to found the periodical
Die Insel, which later gave birth to the Insel-Verlag. Until 1914 he lived as a writer in Paris, Berlin, and Bremen; along with H. v. Hofmannsthal and Rudolf Borchardt, he edited the
Bremer Presse. As an architect and interior designer, he received international awards. He documented his c…
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Religion Past and Present
Schrödinger, Erwin
(168 words)
[German Version] (Aug 12, 1887, Vienna – Jan 4, 1961, Vienna), theoretical physicist, Nobel laureate (1933), professor in Stuttgart, Breslau (Wrocław), Berlin, Oxford, Graz, Dublin, and Vienna. Building on pioneer work on the foundations of quantum mechanics by M. Planck and A. Einstein, in 1925/1926 Schrödinger developed wave mechanics, of similar ¶ fundamental importance for the entire microscopic world (Nuclear physics) as classical mechanics (I. Newton) is for the visible world. The wave equation, named after Schrödinger, is a mathematical fo…
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Religion Past and Present