Yearbook of Muslims in Europe Online

adhan/azan/ezan

call to prayer.

ahl al-bayt/al al-bayt/ehl-i beyt

the family/descendants of the Prophet.

Ahmadi/Ahmadiyya

reform movement founded in India in the 19th century and widely regarded by other Muslims as heretical.

Alevi

movement with roots dating back to the twelfth century, often esoteric in nature and with links to Shiʾism; today especially strong among Turks and Kurds of Eastern Anatolian origin and active minorities in Western Europe, mainly in Austria, Germany, and France.

Arbaʾeen

Shiʾi religious observance, 40 days after the day of ‘Ashura’, to commemorate the death of Husayn ibn Ali (third Shiʾi imam).

‘Ashura’

festival on the tenth of Muharram (first month of the Islamic calendar) marking the death of Husayn ibn Ali (third Shiʾi imam) at the battle of Karbala in 680; a central Shiʾi religious observance.

Barelvi/Barelwi

revivalist movement that emerged in South Asia during British colonial rule and fuses traditional Sunni Islam with Sufi devotional practices.

bayram

festival (esp. Turkish for ʾId, q.v.).

Bektashi

a Sufi order with strong Ottoman roots; marginalised during the mid-19th century Ottoman reforms and banned with other Sufi orders by the Turkish Republic in the 1920s.

burka/burqa

specifically the Afghan-style female full body covering, including the face; in common usage in Europe now taken to mean any form of female full body and face covering.

cem

central Alevi communal dance ritual similar to the sema ritual of the Mevlevi Sufi order.

cemevi

place in which Alevi cem ritual is performed.

daʾwa

Islamic term for missionary or proselytising activities.

Deobandi

Sunni revivalist movement that emerged in South Asia in the 19th century with strong emphasis on the scholarly tradition of Sunni Islam.

dershane

“cram school”, a type of specialised school.

dervish

a common term for Sufi.

dhikr/zikr

ritual practised by devotees of a Sufi tradition.

fatwa/fetwa

statement of opinion on a point of theology or law issued by an authority in response to an application.

hafiz

person who knows the Qurʾan by heart.

hajj

the annual pilgrimage at Mecca at the beginning of the twelfth month of the Islamic calendar; the highpoint is ʾId al-Adha.

halal

permitted.

haram

prohibited.

hijab

head scarf worn by women.

hijra

migration of the Prophet and his followers from Mecca to Medina (Yathrib) in 622 ce.

husayniyya

popular centre of learning and devotion in Shiʾi Islam.

ʾid

festival.

ʾId al-Adha

Feast of the Sacrifice during the pilgrimage at Mecca.

ʾId al-Fitr

festival ending the fast of Ramadan.

iftar

breaking of the fast at the end of the day during Ramadan, increasingly celebrated in invited company by mosques, churches, and other organisations.

imam

religious leader, most commonly the one who leads the congregation at the regular prayers; also used about prominent scholars and spiritual leaders. Among Shiʾi Muslims, a legitimate leader of the community.

jumʿa

Friday noon prayer.

khutba

sermon.

qurban/kurban

sacrifice, as in Turkish kurban bayramı (ʾId al-Adha).

Lailat al-qadr

the “night of power”, 27th Ramadan, the celebration of the revelation of the Qurʾan.

madhhab

school of law or theology.

madrasa/medrese

school at any level, usually elementary and high Islamic.

majlis

council or body governing Muslim community organisations, in South-eastern Europe in particular (see also meshihat).

masjid

mosque.

mawlid/mevlud

birthday of the Prophet Muhammad.

meshihat

council or body governing Muslim community organisations, in South-eastern Europe in particular (see also majlis).

mizar/miziar

cemetery.

muʾadhdhin/muezzin

the person who calls to prayer.

mufti

person who issues fatwa; in some modern states the title of the leading Islamic official.

muftiate

office or institution of mufti.

nafaqa

maintenance and/or alimony payment after divorce.

Nawruz/Nevruz

New Year in the Persian//Kurdish/Turkish tradition.

nikah

marriage formalised in the Islamic tradition.

niqab

female face covering.

qurban/kurban

literally meaning “sacrifice” and often used as a reference to meat of animals during ʾId al-Adha at the end of the annual hajj to Mecca.

raʾis al-ʿulamaʾ or

“dean of the scholars”, applied in some countries (Eastern

just raʾis or reis

European in particular) to the official head of the Muslim community.

Ramadan

the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, the month of fasting.

riba

(unlawful) interest on capital.

rijaset/riyaset

governing council within centralised Muslim community organisations in South-eastern Europe, usually headed by the chief mufti or raʾis al-ʿulamaʾ.

sabantuj

Tatar and Bashkir cultural festival.

sadaqa

alms given at various occasions, often in connection with a religious festival.

salah/salat

prescribed prayers five times a day.

shariʾa

Islamic law and ethics, the principles of good Islamic behaviour.

shaykh/sheikh

leader of a congregation, especially of a Sufi character; honorific for someone learned.

sheikh al-islam

title of leading Muslim scholar or head of official Muslim community organisation in a country; originally an Ottoman title, and therefore used in Muslim communities in regions that were part of the Ottoman Empire.

Shiʾi/Shiʾism

the branches within Islam which trace their authority through the descendants of ʿAli, the Prophet’s nephew and son-in-law. They make up 12–15% of the total number of Muslims worldwide.

Sufi/Sufism

the mystical tradition.

sukuk

commonly used for shariʾa compliant financial bonds.

Sunni/Sunnism

the majority tradition within Islam, sometimes (mistakenly) called “orthodox”.

talaq

divorce by repudiation.

tariqa/tarikat

Sufi order.

tekke/teke

a Sufi meeting place (Turkish).

turba/turbe

tomb of a venerated person (“saint”), often the object of popular devotion.

umma

the global community of believers.

ʿumra

the lesser pilgrimage at Mecca taking place at times other than hajj.

waqf/vakf

religious foundation (of property) providing income for religious, charitable, or educational purposes.

zakah/zakat

obligatory almsgiving.

zawiya

a Sufi meeting place (Arabic).

zikr

see dhikr.

ziyara

visiting family graves or tombs of Muslim saints at set times of year.