[German version]

Literally, ‘one who dispenses justice’, i.e. ‘judge’. Usually, this means the individual judge in Roman law (iudex privatus; iudex unus) who in a separate stage of the proceeding that usually ended a legal dispute (apud iudicem) conducts the deliberation of the evidence and passes a judgement roughly suggested by the  praetor in the first proceeding stage (in iure,  ius ). While the term iudex was already exchangeable with that of  arbiter at the time of the Law of the Twelve Tables (5th cent. BC), the  recuperatores and  centumviri constitute separate categories of…