I. Name
A personified active principle of Wrath has been seen in two passages from the Pauline epistles. This supposed demon was interpreted in the light of the Zoroastrian demon Aēšma, one of the most important helpers of the Evil Spirit in Zoroastrian theology and possibly known to the Jews under the name Asmodeus (Pines 1982; Boyce & Grenet 1991:425–426, 446).
II. Identity
Although Aēšma was certainly perceived as a powerful demon by Zarathustra himself (his name has been attested sever…