Badīʿ in Persian Language and Literature. Al-Rādūyānī’s Tarjumān al-balāgha, composed in the 5th/11th century, is the earliest Persian work on ʿilmal-badīʿ (‘figures of speech’, the art of arranging words of a discourse with elegance and precision, and expressing the ideas in an aesthetically pleasing manner), balāgha (eloquence) and ʿilm al-bayān (a branch of rhetoric, dealing with metaphorical language). The book is b…