Bāqī bi’llāh, Abū Muʾayyid Raḍī al-Dīn Muḥammad (971–1012/1564–1603), was the son of Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Salām b. Khiljī Samarqandī Qurayshī, and one of the propagators of the Naqshbandī Sufi Order in India, with the pen-name Bīrang. He was born in Kabul, with one source (Ikrām, 192) giving the date as 5 Dhū al-Ḥijja 971/15 July 1564, on the basis of the unpublished Sīrat-i Bāqī, although the earliest biographies only give the year 971/1564.

His father, who was both a Sufi and a scholar, played a significant role in his education. His mother…