Bīdābādī, Āqā Muḥammad (d. 1197/1783 or 1198/1784), was a philosopher, theologian, teacher and spiritual master. His father, Muḥammad Rafīʿ Gīlānī, a scholar from Gīlān, left his home to settle in the Bīdābād district of Iṣfahān (Qazwīnī, 162; Zunūzī, Muḥammad Ḥasan, 688; Kh^ʷānsārī, 7/124; for a more detailed report see Imām, 206–207). It was there that his son was born and grew up (Zunūzī, Muḥammad Ḥasan, 688; Maʿṣūm ʿAlī-Shāh, 3/214; Kh^ʷānsārī, 7/122; cf. Rustam al-Ḥukamāʾ, 406 who erroneously mentions Māzandarān as his place of birth).

Bīdābād…