Eschatology (ʿilm al-maʿād), religious teaching about the end of the created world and its return to the Creator. In Islam, the Qurʾān and ḥadīth provide the outline of the stages and/or landmarks of this process, the most important of which are the grave (al-qabr), the rising (al-qiyāma), the gathering (al-ḥashr), the questioning (al-suʾāl), the path (al-ṣirāṭ), the garden (al-janna), the fire (al-nār), and the ramparts (al-aʿrāf ). Bot…