, Khedive of Egypt, 1863-79, second son of Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a [q.v.] and grandson of Muḥammad ʿAlī [q.v.], was born in Cairo on 31 December 1830. He received his early education in the private palace school founded by his grandfather for his family, where he studied Arabic, Persian and Turkish. At fourteen, he spent some time in Vienna, where he was sent for treatment of an eye complaint. Two years later, in 1846, he was sent to Paris to join one of the Egyptian educational missions under the preceptorship of the …