, apparently the grandson of the last Umayyad governor of K̲h̲urāsān Naṣr b. Sayyār [q.v.] and rebel against the ʿAbbāsid caliphate in the opening years of the 9th century A.D.

In 190/806 Rāfiʿ led a rising in Samarḳand which turned into a general rebellion throughout Transoxania against the harsh rule and financial exploitation of the caliphal governor of K̲h̲urāsān. ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā b. Māhān [see ibn māhān ]. As well as receiving support from the local Iranian population, Rāfiʿ secured help ¶ from the Turks of the Inner Asian steppes, the Tog̲h̲uz-Og̲h̲uz [see g̲h̲uzz ] and Ḳarluḳ [q.v.]. Hār…