Abstract
Participles are verbal forms that can have aspect but not tense, and can have direct and indirect objects. Their stem morphology is verbal, but their inflectional morphology is nominal, and they function syntactically as either adjectives or nouns.
There is an extraordinary amount of variation of participial forms in Indo-European (IE) languages; English only has two (breaking, broken); Latin has four (amātus, amāns, amātūrus, amandus); Ancient Greek and Sanskrit have up to a dozen. The details of the evolution of thes…