1. The meaning of the term mawḍūʿ

The term mawḍūʿ is used in two senses:

i.

When derived from waḍʿ, which serves in the literature translated from Greek as the equivalent of the verb títhēmi ‘to place’, mawḍūʿ refers to ‘mutual agreement, convention’ (Pollak 1913:58; Georr 1948:249; Afnan 1969:315–316). Mawḍūʿ is used in this sense by az-Zajjājī (d. 339/949): “A noun is an invented sound with a conventional meaning, not specified by time” (al-ism ṣawt mawḍūʿ dāll bi-ttifāq ʿalā maʿnan ġay…