Among sovereign states, extraterritoriality normally means the inapplicability of the judicial system of the host country to representatives of foreign states, in particular the complete or partial immunity of diplomatic personnel. In the case of China, this judicial privilege was extended to all citizens of the foreign treaty powers. Therefore, a large part of the foreigners who stayed on Chinese territory were beyond Chinese jurisdiction from 1844 to 1943. This form of extraterritoriality was …