1. Perceptual Correlates of Tones

There is a wide consensus that fundamental frequency (F0, which is determined by the rate of vocal fold vibration) is the major acoustic correlate and the primary perceptual cue of lexical tones in both Cantonese (Fok-Chan 1974) and Mandarin (Howie 1976). Native listeners, however, weigh the perceptual dimensions differently. Gandour (19…