Innocent III (1160/61–1216), whose baptized name was Lothario de’ Conti di Segni, was pope in the early 13th century. His pontificate represented the apex of the medieval papacy, as it attained unrivaled powers in church and state. Son of a noble family, the Scotti, Lothario was born in Anagni and was brought up and received his early education in Rome. He later studied theology in Paris under Peter of Corbeil until 1187 and possibly canon law in Bologna, although this latter phase of his education is less certain. His instruction in Paris was significant for him, and …