1. Definition
The term citizen describes two different concepts: (1) the fully entitled, consistently male inhabitant of a (privileged) town in old European (feudal) society (urban bourgeoisie), and (2) the holder of a national citizenship. The equivalent term in German, Bürger, also implies (3) a member of the propertied and educated bourgeoisie or Bildungsbürgertum (“educated bourgeousie”) of the 19th and early 20th century, which were sometimes legally…