1. Definition and types of defenders
The term defense (= Latin, defensio) was first used in criminal proceedings in the 18th century. Roman law understood defensio, on the one hand, as a physical right to defend oneself from attack and, on the other, as a procedural right to defend oneself against an accusation. Drawing on Roman law, the jurists of the early modern period (especially Benedikt Carpzov; cf. penology) viewed defense as a natural right [2. 112 f…