1. Concept and terminology
In the early modern period, culture (Italian/Spanish cultura) – in accord with Cicero’s concept of cultura animi (“cultivation of the mind”; Tusculanae Disputationes 2.5) – was equated with the (personal) Bildung of the mind and character, and – like its Western European synonym civilization (Italian civilizzazione or civiltà; Spanish civilización; French civilisation; German Zivilisatio…