The term Gallicanism (from Middle Latin gallicanus, hence French gallicanisme) was coined by 19th-century Ultramontanism. It encapsulates a variety of theories and practices intended to justify and realize the freedom and independence of the French church vis-à-vis the papacy’s claim of universal jurisdiction. There were two basic types of Gallicanism: a more theologically based “episcopal Gallicanism” (Episcopalianism), which derived the independence of the territ…