1. Continental Europe
1.1. From the early modern period to the 18th century
The reception of Roman ius commune triggered a comprehensive professionalization of the legal professions in continental Europe. Medieval lay judges (in Germany, Schöffen) were increasingly supplanted by (university) educated jurists. The profession of jurist first emerged in the wake of law faculties (Law, faculty of) founded first in Italy (Bologna, Padua, Perugia) in the 13th century and subsequently in the res…