1. Introduction
The Mughal Empire was an Indo-Persian state centered on the cities of Delhi, Agra, and Lahore. It lasted from 1526 to 1858. During the 17th century, it covered almost the whole subcontinent and parts of what is now Afghanistan. With the Ottoman Empire (c. 1300–1923) and the Iranian empire of the Safavids (1501–1722; Islam), it was the third great Islamic imperial entity of the early modern period. Unt…