1. Sharia and fiqh
In common Muslim usage, the term Sharia (Arabic šarī‘a, Ottoman Turkish şerī‘at) denotes the totality of the norms of belief, ethics, and justice in Islam given by God through the Quran and the Prophet Muḥammad. The term includes the corpus of normative Islamic texts (i.e. the Quran and the tradition of the Prophet) together with their learned interpretation, systematization, and updati…