Shopkeepers (German Krämer) controlled the urban retail trade in goods brought from abroad (Trade, Long-distance). They differed from merchants in having the right to engage in “penny trade,” direct sale of small quantities to consumers. Shopkeepers ranked “above” hawkers (German Höker, Low German Haken, Upper German Gremper, Austrian Greißler), who hawked food from neighboring farms (see 2. below). Shopkeepers bought their goods at trade fairs and offered them for sale in sho…