1. Introduction

This entry will focus mainly on the language of Hebrew poetry in the Iberian Peninsula from the 10th to the 15th century, with brief references to Italy and Provence as well.

In the middle of the 10th century, after some poetic initiatives in the Muslim East, Jews in al-Andalus during the reign of the caliph ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III focused on the st…