The International Hebrew Braille Code was created in 1935 by a committee headed by Leopold Dubov of the Jewish Braille Institute. Since then, it has been used to publish Tanakhs, prayer books, and other works of religious significance. Braille has increased the participation of blind Jews in religious life, but the distinct materiality of Braille chumashim has led to debate over their suitability for qeriʾat ha-Torah in Orthodox and Conservative synagogues.

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Louis Braille debuted his eponymous tactile writing system in 1829. Originally designed for French, it was q…