A trans-regional wave of anti-Jewish violence, which, in the summer and autumn of 1819, spread from Würzburg to numerous German states and to neighboring countries of the German Confederation. The Hep-Hep riots are to be considered as an expression of the rejection of the improved legal status of the Jews, in the course of emancipation. In the context of revolutionary disturbances, there were further outbreaks of violence against the Jews in Germany and other…