The term “open society” was coined by the Austrian philosopher Karl Popper (1902–1994). In his book The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945), Popper applies this term to political cultures that allow a critical rational dialogue. He delineated these from “closed” societies, which were founded on beliefs or dogmas or on what he described as “pseudoscience” or “historicism.”
1. Karl Popper
Karl Raimund …