As a result of the legal restrictions placed on them, Jews in 18th century Europe mostly earned their living through trading activities and were consequently considered to be “unproductive,” especially by the administrative apparatus of absolutist states. As a result, state efforts towards the “productivization…
Professions(5,455 words)
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Silber, Marcos, “Professions”, in: Encyclopedia of Jewish History and Culture Online, Original German Language Edition: Enzyklopädie Jüdischer Geschichte und Kultur. Im Auftrag der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig herausgegeben von Dan Diner. © J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart/Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland 2011–2017. Consulted online on 07 December 2023 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2468-8894_ejhc_COM_0705>
First published online: 2017
First print edition: 20221116
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