Israel Israeli was a leading member of the Jewish community of Toledo at the turn of the fourteenth century. Well educated, and thoroughly versed in both traditional Jewish study and general knowledge, he was respected as an authority even by Asher ben Jehiel (the Rosh). Israeli left two major works: a commentary on Pirqe Avot (Mishna Tractate Avot), written in Judeo-Arabic and still unpublished; and a halakhic work originally written in Judeo-Arabic, but extant only in the Hebrew translation by Shem Ṭov ibn Ardutiel (14th century), entitled Miṣvot Zemaniyyot (Time-Based Commandmen…