Although the Inquisition tribunal was abolished in 1808, and freedom of religion for non-Catholics was established in 1869, Jews were not allowed to live in Spain as individuals until the end of the nineteenth century. In 1877 there were 416 Jews living in Spain, including thirty-one in Madrid, but they could not organize as a community until 1909; a synagogue was opened that year in Seville, and others followed in Madrid in 1917 and Barcelona in 1918. Despite their small numbers, Jews were frequently the subject of parliamentary debates, newspaper articles, and public discussion. Dr. …