The city of Toledo (Ar. Ṭulayṭula)  is located in the central part of the Iberian Peninsula, about 72 kilometers (45 miles) south-southwest of Madrid. The first settlements on the site antedated by several centuries the arrival of the Romans, who rebuilt the former Carpetan oppidum in the second century B.C.E., giving it the Latin name Toletum. The old city sits on a hill encircled on three…