Like all Jews, Jewish women obtained Turkish citizenship in 1923 with the establishment of the Turkish Republic. In 1934, they were granted full political rights along with all other Turkish women, including the right to vote and the right to run for elective office, among others.

Education of Jewish girls and women had already begun in the last decades of the Ottoman Empire, especially with the spread of Alliance Israélite Universelle schools in the 1860s. By the early twentieth century, girls were being taught Turkish, French, math, as well as moral education, h…