2.1 Evolution and Creation of the State

The historical evolution of the sovereignty of Mongolia has not been easy. It can be divided into four phases:

First, Mongolia was a part of the Qing dynasty until early 20th century. With the fall of the Qing dynasty, Mongolia declared its independence in December 1911, thanks to an independence movement led by Bogd Gegeen. However, it was not recognized by the Republic of China, Russia, and Western countries. Russia recognized Mongo…