The Afghan women's movement in the twentieth century had a major impact on gender issues. In 1964 Afghan women participated in the drafting of the constitution and won the right to vote. In the 1960s and 1970s they had a strong presence in many institutions: education, health, engineering, the civil service, and parliament. However, the struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States to control the flow of regional oil and natural resources and their support for their chosen warlords, combined with the…