This entry summarizes the participation of Muslim minorities, in particular, Muslim women, in education and employment in Western Europe and explores some modern state-initiated and NGO-sponsored training programs and initiatives designed to facilitate and integrate Muslim women into labor markets.

Numerous research studies and reports show that migrants and minorities across the European Union (EU) experience much higher levels of unemployment than nationals (EUMC 2000, 2003, Liegl, Perchinig, and Weyss 2004, Münz 2004, Crul and Veme…