Recent changes in family relationships and gender hierarchy among European Muslims are due to women's pragmatic use of their migration experience, and to the fact that younger generations, especially women, born and socialized in Europe, have marked the difference between cultural traditions and Islamic faith.

Women did not come to Europe simply following their husbands: far from being passive participants, women have their own migratory project inside the context of family migration. Since the 1990s, in Italy and Spain women have also arr…