For centuries, tribal and nomadic tendencies have been a characteristic way of life for women and their families. In the 1920s, Reza Shah's government encouraged nomadic groups to establish permanent habitations in local communities through national land reform and economic development programs. The land reform movement later intensified under Mohammad Reza Shah, drastically affecting the role of women in a new age of industrialization and modernization. Estimates put the nomad population at 2.8…