In the sub-region of the Caucasus and Turkey a variety of recent conflicts have given rise to efforts at peacekeeping and conflict management in which women have played increasingly visible roles. The conflicts have taken place along religious, ethnic, and socioeconomic lines in modernizing states, each of which has a history of empire; these features are all factors in the conflicts and their resolution. Seven instances of open warfare occurred in the Caucasus in the 1980s and 1990s, and there have been many other cases of the use of armed force against ci…