The Twelver Shīʿī ritual cycle is rich in celebrations. Throughout the year women gather for rawẓas, commemorating the martyrdom of the Imāms and their relatives. These are female-only gatherings led by a male or female preacher or cantor or mixed gatherings led by a man, where women sit in a separate room. The rituals include sermons, Qurʾān reading, invocations (duʿāʾ), dirges (nawḥa), and elegies (marthiyya) accompanied by ritual crying and breast-beating. The climax for mourning rituals is the month of Muḥarram, commemorating the martyrdom of Imām Ḥusayn…