How do Muslim immigrants in Western Europe, from countries in North Africa, Turkey, the Middle East, and Pakistan, Sunnī and Shīʿī, control patterns of gender-based living space and segregation of the sexes? Muslims who have established residence in Western Europe have brought concepts of gender-based living space with them. They have, however, given these patterns a different interpretation. This interpretation is related to their situation as minority Muslims in a majority secular society. The first generation of immigrant women remain primarily indoors in the domestic environ…