In both urban and rural areas, until the late nineteenth century, women's physical culture was based on a strict segregation between the public and the private domains. Restricted to the privacy of their own homes, women's leisured physical activity focused mainly on folk dancing. Men, on the other hand, were publicly engaged in several types of sports such as horse/camel riding, swimming, archery, stick fencing, wrestling, shooting, and dancing. These activities codified values and ideals such as honor, bravery, and male group spirit (ʿaṣabiyya). The physical activities of me…